class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide .title[ # <span class="white bg-blue">Introdução à Web Scraping</span> ] .author[ ### Fernando da Silva<br><span style="font-size: 70%;">Data Scientist<br><a href="https://github.com/schoulten"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 496 512" class="rfa" style="height:0.75em;fill:#282f6b;position:relative;"><path d="M165.9 397.4c0 2-2.3 3.6-5.2 3.6-3.3.3-5.6-1.3-5.6-3.6 0-2 2.3-3.6 5.2-3.6 3-.3 5.6 1.3 5.6 3.6zm-31.1-4.5c-.7 2 1.3 4.3 4.3 4.9 2.6 1 5.6 0 6.2-2s-1.3-4.3-4.3-5.2c-2.6-.7-5.5.3-6.2 2.3zm44.2-1.7c-2.9.7-4.9 2.6-4.6 4.9.3 2 2.9 3.3 5.9 2.6 2.9-.7 4.9-2.6 4.6-4.6-.3-1.9-3-3.2-5.9-2.9zM244.8 8C106.1 8 0 113.3 0 252c0 110.9 69.8 205.8 169.5 239.2 12.8 2.3 17.3-5.6 17.3-12.1 0-6.2-.3-40.4-.3-61.4 0 0-70 15-84.7-29.8 0 0-11.4-29.1-27.8-36.6 0 0-22.9-15.7 1.6-15.4 0 0 24.9 2 38.6 25.8 21.9 38.6 58.6 27.5 72.9 20.9 2.3-16 8.8-27.1 16-33.7-55.9-6.2-112.3-14.3-112.3-110.5 0-27.5 7.6-41.3 23.6-58.9-2.6-6.5-11.1-33.3 2.6-67.9 20.9-6.5 69 27 69 27 20-5.6 41.5-8.5 62.8-8.5s42.8 2.9 62.8 8.5c0 0 48.1-33.6 69-27 13.7 34.7 5.2 61.4 2.6 67.9 16 17.7 25.8 31.5 25.8 58.9 0 96.5-58.9 104.2-114.8 110.5 9.2 7.9 17 22.9 17 46.4 0 33.7-.3 75.4-.3 83.6 0 6.5 4.6 14.4 17.3 12.1C428.2 457.8 496 362.9 496 252 496 113.3 383.5 8 244.8 8zM97.2 352.9c-1.3 1-1 3.3.7 5.2 1.6 1.6 3.9 2.3 5.2 1 1.3-1 1-3.3-.7-5.2-1.6-1.6-3.9-2.3-5.2-1zm-10.8-8.1c-.7 1.3.3 2.9 2.3 3.9 1.6 1 3.6.7 4.3-.7.7-1.3-.3-2.9-2.3-3.9-2-.6-3.6-.3-4.3.7zm32.4 35.6c-1.6 1.3-1 4.3 1.3 6.2 2.3 2.3 5.2 2.6 6.5 1 1.3-1.3.7-4.3-1.3-6.2-2.2-2.3-5.2-2.6-6.5-1zm-11.4-14.7c-1.6 1-1.6 3.6 0 5.9 1.6 2.3 4.3 3.3 5.6 2.3 1.6-1.3 1.6-3.9 0-6.2-1.4-2.3-4-3.3-5.6-2z"/></svg></a>  <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/schoulten/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" class="rfa" style="height:0.75em;fill:#282f6b;position:relative;"><path d="M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z"/></svg></a>  <a href="mailto:fernando@fortietwo.com"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="rfa" style="height:0.75em;fill:#282f6b;position:relative;"><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg></a>  <a href="https://analisemacro.com.br/"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512" class="rfa" style="height:0.75em;fill:#282f6b;position:relative;"><path d="M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z"/></svg></a></span> ] --- <style type="text/css"> pre { white-space: pre-wrap; overflow-y: scroll !important; max-height: 45vh !important; overflow-x: auto; max-width: 100%; } .tiny55 .remark-code { font-size: 55%; !important; } </style> ## .white.bg-blue[O que é web scraping?] - Praticamente tudo que está na internet pode ser um dado para uma análise 🙂 - Nem todas as informações de uma página na internet estão disponíves para fácil coleta 😟 - Web scraping **.white.bg-blue[é o processo de coletar dados da internet]**, o que envolve acessar um site, navegar por sua estrutura, baixar e organizar dados de interesse através de códigos automatizáveis. 😎 .pull-left[ **.white.bg-blue[Quando usar?]** &rarr; Não há APIs documentadas;<br> &rarr; Não há botão de baixar os dados;<br> &rarr; Dados não estruturados para análise (textos);<br> &rarr; É necessário automatizar a extração de dados;<br> &rarr; Copiar e colar a informação para um arquivo local é inviável. ] .pull-right[ **.white.bg-blue[Aplicações]** &rarr; Tabelas de dados em sites;<br> &rarr; Extração de links para arquivos;<br> &rarr; Monitoramento e comparação de preços;<br> &rarr; Extração de textos em páginas;<br> &rarr; E muito mais... ] --- ## .white.bg-blue[Desvantagens] - Web scraping é uma ferramenta super poderosa!<br><br> - Mas é usada em páginas que foram desenhadas para consumo humano...<br><br> - Entender de tecnologias e linguagens web é importante (HTML, CSS, JavaScript).<br><br> - Códigos de web scraping são, frequentemente, não muito "bonitos".<br><br> - Páginas na internet mudam &rarr; seu código para de funcionar!<br><br> - Páginas possuem configurações de segurança e você pode ser bloqueado se não seguir as regras (i.e. muitos acessos sucessivos).<br><br> - Você realmente precisa de web scraping? Tente verificar se existe uma API, um link de download ou se os dados estão disponíveis em outro lugar na internet... --- ## .white.bg-blue[Entendendo o básico de uma página HTML] HTML é uma linguagem de marcação para criar páginas na internet. Você só precisa de um editor de textos para criar uma página simples. .pull-left[ Arquivo `.html` aberto no editor de texto: ```html <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <body> <h1>Cabeçalho 1</h1> <p>Isso é um parágrafo</p> <p>Abaixo é uma lista:</p> <ul> <li>R</li> <li>Python</li> <li>Julia</li> </ul> </body> </html> ``` ] .pull-right[ Arquivo `.html` aberto no navegador: <img src="imgs/basico.png" width="60%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> ] Os navegadores se encarregam de "compilar" o arquivo, transformando-o no que vemos nas páginas da internet. --- ## .white.bg-blue[Tags HTML] Páginas HTML são organizadas por tags, que são declaradas com os símbolos `<>`. Existem diversas tags para diversas funcionalidades, o que no final gera o conteúdo de uma página. Abaixo está uma lista não exaustiva de algumas: | Tag HTML | Descrição | | -------- | --------- | | `<h1>, <h2>, ..., <h6>` | Cabeçalho 1, 2, ..., 6 | | `<p>` | Parágrafos | | `<ul>` | Listas não ordenadas | | `<ol>` | Listas ordenadas | | `<li>` | Item da lista | | `<div>` | Divisão/Seção | | `<table>` | Tabelas | | `<form>` | Formulários | --- ## .white.bg-blue[Primeiro passo do web scraping] O primeiro passo para fazer web scraping de um dado de uma página na internet é **.white.bg-blue[verificar se o site permite a extração de dados]**. Há várias questões legais, de direitos autorais e privacidade que podem estar envolvidas e neste material não daremos nenhuma recomendação quanto a isso, apenas evidenciaremos que esses problemas podem acontecer e daremos um guia que pode ajudar a evitá-los, dessa forma você estará mais ciente e responsável com a prática de web scraping. - **.white.bg-blue[O arquivo robots.txt]**: antes de escrever seu código de web scraping é importante verificar se a página permite o acesso por bots (scrapers, crawlers, spiders). As regras de permissão podem ser verificadas no arquivo “robots.txt” que é localizado, em geral, na raiz do site. Por exemplo: <http://wikipedia.org/robots.txt><br> <https://www.google.com/robots.txt> Estes arquivos seguem uma padronização e estão disponíveis na maioria dos sites. Nele há instruções do tipo chave-valor dizendo quais partes do site é permitido/proibido fazer web scraping de dados. Caso não encontre ou estiver em dúvidas, pergunte (envie um e-mail) ao dono do site! --- ## .white.bg-blue[Primeiro passo do web scraping] Na linguagem Python, a biblioteca `robotspy` facilita essa verificação das permissões. Basta apontar a URL do arquivo "robots.txt" e o caminho para a página de interesse e a biblioteca faz o "trabalho sujo" de ler o arquivo e te dizer se você pode ou não acessar a página por bots. Exemplos: ```python # Importar módulo from robots import RobotsParser as r # !pip install robotspy # Verificar se acesso por bots é permitido nestas páginas r.from_uri("http://wikipedia.org/robots.txt").can_fetch(useragent = "*", url = "wiki") ``` ``` # True ``` ```python r.from_uri("https://www.google.com/robots.txt").can_fetch(useragent = "*", url = "") ``` ``` # True ``` ```python r.from_uri("https://www.google.com/robots.txt").can_fetch(useragent = "*", url = "/search") ``` ``` # False ``` Documentação: <https://pypi.org/project/robotspy/> --- ## .white.bg-blue[Exemplo prático: extração de uma tabela da Wikipédia] Como exemplo convidativo de web scraping no Python, vamos extrair os dados da tabela contida nesta página da Wikipédia (em "*Typing*"): <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)> .white.bg-blue[Passo 1:] o site permite web scraping? ```python url = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" r.from_uri(url).can_fetch(useragent = "*", url = "") ``` ``` # True ``` .white.bg-blue[Passo 2:] ler a página HTML no Python. Daqui em diante vamos usar as bibliotecas `requests` e `bs4` para web scraping. ```python # Importa módulos import requests from bs4 import BeautifulSoup # !pip install beautifulsoup4 pagina = requests.get(url) # lê a página HTML ``` --- ## .white.bg-blue[Exemplo prático: extração de uma tabela da Wikipédia] Ao imprimir o objeto temos uma resposta de sucesso (status 200) e podemos extrair o conteúdo da página: ```python pagina # imprime status ``` ``` # <Response [200]> ``` ```python pagina.content # imprime conteúdo (HTML) da página ``` ``` # b'<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-enabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-enabled vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled" lang="en" dir="ltr">\n<head>\n<meta charset="UTF-8"/>\n<title>Python (programming language) - Wikipedia</title>\n<script>document.documentElement.className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-language-alert-in-sidebar-enabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-enabled vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled";(function(){var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientprefs=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){var featureName=cookie[1];document.documentElement.className=document.documentElement.className.replace(featureName+\'-enabled\',featureName+\'-disabled\');}}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"24c6f32e-c3c5-4b7b-9311-eb7d618d1396",\n"wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Python_(programming_language)","wgTitle":"Python (programming language)","wgCurRevisionId":1136880732,"wgRevisionId":1136880732,"wgArticleId":23862,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia semi-protected pages","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from November 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2022","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Articles with BNF identifiers","Articles with GND identifiers","Articles with J9U identifiers","Articles with LCCN identifiers",\n"Articles with NKC identifiers","Articles with FAST identifiers","Articles with SUDOC identifiers","Articles with example Python (programming language) code","Good articles","Python (programming language)","Class-based programming languages","Notebook interface","Computer science in the Netherlands","Concurrent programming languages","Cross-platform free software","Cross-platform software","Dutch inventions","Dynamically typed programming languages","Educational programming languages","High-level programming languages","Information technology in the Netherlands","Multi-paradigm programming languages","Object-oriented programming languages","Pattern matching programming languages","Programming languages","Programming languages created in 1991","Scripting languages","Text-oriented programming languages"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Python_(programming_language)","wgRelevantArticleId":23862,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,\n"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgVector2022PreviewPages":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":10,"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q28865","GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false};RLSTATE={"skins.vector.user.styles":"ready",\n"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","skins.vector.user":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.pygments":"ready","mediawiki.ui.button":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","mediawiki.ui.icon":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","skins.vector.es6","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips",\n"ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.uls.compactlinks","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script>\n<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\\\","watchToken":"+\\\\","csrfToken":"+\\\\"});});});</script>\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.pygments%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%2Cicon%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"/>\n<script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script>\n<meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/>\n<link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"/>\n<meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.40.0-wmf.21"/>\n<meta name="referrer" content="origin"/>\n<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-crossorigin"/>\n<meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"/>\n<meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/>\n<meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/>\n<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/1200px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png"/>\n<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/>\n<meta property="og:image:height" content="1315"/>\n<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/800px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png"/>\n<meta property="og:image:width" content="800"/>\n<meta property="og:image:height" content="877"/>\n<meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/640px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png"/>\n<meta property="og:image:width" content="640"/>\n<meta property="og:image:height" content="701"/>\n<meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/>\n<meta property="og:title" content="Python (programming language) - Wikipedia"/>\n<meta property="og:type" content="website"/>\n<link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"/>\n<link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 720px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"/>\n<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/>\n<link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/>\n<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/>\n<link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/>\n<link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/>\n<link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"/>\n<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" />\n<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"/>\n</head>\n<body class="skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue vector-toc-pinned mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Python_programming_language rootpage-Python_programming_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><div class="mw-page-container">\n\t<a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a>\n\t<div class="mw-page-container-inner">\n\t\t<input\n\t\t\ttype="checkbox"\n\t\t\tid="mw-sidebar-checkbox"\n\t\t\tclass="mw-checkbox-hack-checkbox"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t<header class="mw-header mw-ui-icon-flush-left mw-ui-icon-flush-right">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-header-start">\n\t\t\t\t\t<label\n\t\t\t\tid="mw-sidebar-button"\n\t\t\t\tclass="mw-checkbox-hack-button mw-ui-icon mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-flush-right"\n\t\t\t\tfor="mw-sidebar-checkbox"\n\t\t\t\trole="button"\n\t\t\t\taria-controls="mw-panel"\n\t\t\t\tdata-event-name="ui.sidebar"\n\t\t\t\ttabindex="0"\n\t\t\t\ttitle="Main menu">\n\t\t\t\t<span>Toggle sidebar</span>\n\t\t\t</label>\n\t\t\n<a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo">\n\t<img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt=""\n\t\taria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50">\n\t<span class="mw-logo-container">\n\t\t<img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia"\n\t\t\tsrc="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;">\n\t\t<img class="mw-logo-tagline"\n\t\t\talt="The Free Encyclopedia"\n\t\t\tsrc="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;">\n\t</span>\n</a>\n\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-header-end">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box">\n\t<a href="/wiki/Special:Search"\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\ttitle="Search Wikipedia [f]"\n\t\taccesskey="f"\n\t\tclass="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search search-toggle">\n\t\t<span>Search</span>\n\t</a>\n\t\n\t<div>\n\t\t<form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-search-box-form">\n\t\t\t<div id="simpleSearch"\n\t\t\t\tclass="vector-search-box-inner"\n\t\t\t\t data-search-loc="header-moved">\n\t\t\t\t<input class="vector-search-box-input"\n\t\t\t\t\t type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"\n\t\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search">\n\t\t\t\t<input id="mw-searchButton"\n\t\t\t\t\t class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton" type="submit" name="fulltext" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" value="Search">\n\t\t\t\t<input id="searchButton"\n\t\t\t\t\t class="searchButton" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" value="Go">\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</form>\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t<nav class="vector-user-links" aria-label="Personal tools" role="navigation" >\n\t\n<div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-vector-user-menu-overflow" >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-heading">\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Python+%28programming+language%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span>Create account</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\n\t<div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu vector-dropdown vector-menu-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal vector-user-menu vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" >\n\t\t<input type="checkbox"\n\t\t\tid="p-personal-checkbox"\n\t\t\trole="button"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup="true"\n\t\t\tdata-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-personal"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-menu-checkbox "\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t/>\n\t\t<label\n\t\t\tid="p-personal-label"\n\t\t\tfor="p-personal-checkbox"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-menu-heading mw-checkbox-hack-button mw-ui-icon mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"\n\t\t\t\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Personal tools</span>\n\t\t</label>\n\t\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\n\t\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\n\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="vector-user-menu-create-account user-links-collapsible-item" id=""><a data-mw="interface"\n\thref="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Python+%28programming+language%29"\n\t><span class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span><span>Create account</span></a>\n</li><li class="vector-user-menu-login" id=""><a data-mw="interface"\n\thref="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Python+%28programming+language%29"\n\t title="[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span><span>Log in</span></a>\n</li></ul>\n\t\n</div>\n\n\t\t<div class="vector-user-menu-anon-editor">\n\t\t\t<p>\n\t\t\t\tPages for logged out editors <a data-mw="interface"\n\thref="/wiki/Help:Introduction"\n\t aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a>\n\n\t\t\t</p>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\n\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li><li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\n</div>\n\n\t\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div></nav>\n\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</header>\n\t\t<div class="vector-main-menu-container ">\n\t\t\t<div id="mw-navigation">\n\t\t\t\t<nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site" role="navigation">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element">\n\t\n\t\n<div id="p-navigation" class="vector-main-menu-group vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" >\n\t<div\n\t\tid="p-navigation-label"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-heading "\n\t\t\n\t>\n\t\t<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Navigation</span>\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupport" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" title="Support us by donating to the Wikimedia Foundation"><span>Donate</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\n\t\n<div id="p-interaction" class="vector-main-menu-group vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" >\n\t<div\n\t\tid="p-interaction-label"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-heading "\n\t\t\n\t>\n\t\t<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Contribute</span>\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n<div id="p-tb" class="vector-main-menu-group vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" >\n\t<div\n\t\tid="p-tb-label"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-heading "\n\t\t\n\t>\n\t\t<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Tools</span>\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Python_(programming_language)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Python_(programming_language)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;oldid=1136880732" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Python_%28programming_language%29&amp;id=1136880732&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28865" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n<div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-main-menu-group vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" >\n\t<div\n\t\tid="p-coll-print_export-label"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-heading "\n\t\t\n\t>\n\t\t<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">Print/export</span>\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Python_%28programming_language%29&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n<div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-main-menu-group vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" >\n\t<div\n\t\tid="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-heading "\n\t\t\n\t>\n\t\t<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In other projects</span>\n\t</div>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-mediawiki mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="en"><span>MediaWiki</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Python" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\n<div class="vector-main-menu-action vector-main-menu-action-lang-alert">\n\t<div class="vector-main-menu-action-item">\n\t\t<div class="vector-main-menu-action-heading vector-menu-heading">Languages</div>\n\t\t<div class="vector-main-menu-action-content vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\t<div class="mw-message-box-notice vector-language-sidebar-alert mw-message-box">On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. <a href="#p-lang-btn">Go to top</a>.</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div class="vector-sitenotice-container">\n\t\t\t<div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<input type="checkbox" id="vector-toc-collapsed-checkbox" class="mw-checkbox-hack-checkbox">\n\t\t<nav id="mw-panel-toc" role="navigation" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container">\n\t\t\t<div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container">\n\t\t\t<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element">\n\t<div\n\tclass="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned"\n\tdata-name="vector-toc"\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n>\n\t<h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2>\n\t<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button>\n\t<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button>\n</div>\n\n\n\t<ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list">\n\t\t<li id="toc-mw-content-text"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t\t<a href="#" class="vector-toc-link">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-History"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span>History</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Design_philosophy_and_features"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_philosophy_and_features">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span>Design philosophy and features</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Design_philosophy_and_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Syntax_and_semantics"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax_and_semantics">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span>Syntax and semantics</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls="toc-Syntax_and_semantics-sublist" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand mw-ui-icon-small vector-toc-toggle">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Syntax_and_semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t<li id="toc-Indentation"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indentation">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span>Indentation</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Indentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-Statements_and_control_flow"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statements_and_control_flow">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span>Statements and control flow</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Statements_and_control_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-Expressions"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressions">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span>Expressions</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Expressions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-Methods"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span>Methods</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-Typing"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typing">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span>Typing</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Typing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-Arithmetic_operations"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arithmetic_operations">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span>Arithmetic operations</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Arithmetic_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Programming_examples"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programming_examples">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span>Programming examples</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Programming_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Libraries"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span>Libraries</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Development_environments"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_environments">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span>Development environments</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Development_environments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Implementations"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementations">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span>Implementations</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand mw-ui-icon-small vector-toc-toggle">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t<li id="toc-Reference_implementation"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_implementation">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span>Reference implementation</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Reference_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-Other_implementations"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_implementations">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span>Other implementations</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Other_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-Unsupported_implementations"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsupported_implementations">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span>Unsupported implementations</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Unsupported_implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-Cross-compilers_to_other_languages"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span>Cross-compilers to other languages</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Cross-compilers_to_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t\t<li id="toc-Performance"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span>Performance</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Development"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span>Development</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-API_documentation_generators"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#API_documentation_generators">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span>API documentation generators</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-API_documentation_generators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Naming"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span>Naming</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Popularity"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span>Popularity</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Uses"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span>Uses</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Languages_influenced_by_Python"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_influenced_by_Python">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span>Languages influenced by Python</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Languages_influenced_by_Python-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-See_also"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span>See also</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-References"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span>References</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t<button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand mw-ui-icon-small vector-toc-toggle">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t</button>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t<li id="toc-Sources"\n\t\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2">\n\t\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources">\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span>Sources</div>\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t</li>\n\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-Further_reading"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span>Further reading</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n\t<li id="toc-External_links"\n\t\tclass="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1">\n\t\t<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links">\n\t\t\t<div class="vector-toc-text">\n\t\t\t<span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span>External links</div>\n\t\t</a>\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list">\n\t\t</ul>\n\t</li>\n</ul>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t</div>\n</nav>\n\t\t<div class="mw-content-container">\n\t\t\t<main id="content" class="mw-body" role="main">\n\t\t\t\t<header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar">\n\t\t\t\t\t<label\n\t\t\t\t\t\tid="vector-toc-collapsed-button"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass="mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-flush-left mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet mw-checkbox-hack-button"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tfor="vector-toc-collapsed-checkbox"\n\t\t\t\t\t\trole="button"\n\t\t\t\t\t\taria-controls="toc-toggle-list"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-event-name="vector.toc-toggle-list"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttabindex="0"\n\t\t\t\t\t\ttitle="Table of Contents">\n\t\t\t\t\t\tToggle the table of contents\n\t\t\t\t\t</label>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-menu vector-dropdown vector-menu-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc mw-ui-icon-flush-left" >\n\t<input type="checkbox"\n\t\tid="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox"\n\t\trole="button"\n\t\taria-haspopup="true"\n\t\tdata-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-checkbox "\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t/>\n\t<label\n\t\tid="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label"\n\t\tfor="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-heading mw-checkbox-hack-button mw-ui-icon mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"\n\t\t\n\t>\n\t\t<span class="vector-menu-heading-label"></span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container">\n\t\t</div>\n\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Python (programming language)</span></h1>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-menu vector-dropdown vector-menu-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang mw-ui-icon-flush-right" >\n\t<input type="checkbox"\n\t\tid="p-lang-btn-checkbox"\n\t\trole="button"\n\t\taria-haspopup="true"\n\t\tdata-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector"\n\t\taria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages"\n\t\t\n\t/>\n\t<label\n\t\tid="p-lang-btn-label"\n\t\tfor="p-lang-btn-checkbox"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-heading mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet mw-ui-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106"\n\t\t\n\t>\n\t\t<span class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span><span class="vector-menu-heading-label">106 languages</span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\n\t\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeertaal)" title="Python (programmeertaal) \xe2\x80\x93 Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmiersprache)" title="Python (Programmiersprache) \xe2\x80\x93 Alemannisch" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9)" title="\xd8\xa8\xd8\xa7\xd9\x8a\xd8\xab\xd9\x88\xd9\x86 (\xd9\x84\xd8\xba\xd8\xa9 \xd8\xa8\xd8\xb1\xd9\x85\xd8\xac\xd8\xa9) \xe2\x80\x93 Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd8\xa7\xd9\x84\xd8\xb9\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa8\xd9\x8a\xd8\xa9</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragon\xc3\xa9s</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8" title="\xe0\xa6\xaa\xe0\xa6\xbe\xe0\xa6\x87\xe0\xa6\xa5\xe0\xa6\xa8 \xe2\x80\x93 Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xa6\x85\xe0\xa6\xb8\xe0\xa6\xae\xe0\xa7\x80\xe0\xa6\xaf\xe0\xa6\xbc\xe0\xa6\xbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(proqramla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1rma_dili)" title="Python (proqramla\xc5\x9fd\xc4\xb1rma dili) \xe2\x80\x93 Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Az\xc9\x99rbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="\xd9\xbe\xd8\xa7\xdb\x8c\xd8\xaa\xd9\x88\xd9\x86 \xe2\x80\x93 South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd8\xaa\xdb\x86\xd8\xb1\xda\xa9\xd8\xac\xd9\x87</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE)" title="\xe0\xa6\xaa\xe0\xa6\xbe\xe0\xa6\x87\xe0\xa6\xa5\xe0\xa6\xa8 (\xe0\xa6\xaa\xe0\xa7\x8d\xe0\xa6\xb0\xe0\xa7\x8b\xe0\xa6\x97\xe0\xa7\x8d\xe0\xa6\xb0\xe0\xa6\xbe\xe0\xa6\xae\xe0\xa6\xbf\xe0\xa6\x82 \xe0\xa6\xad\xe0\xa6\xbe\xe0\xa6\xb7\xe0\xa6\xbe) \xe2\x80\x93 Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xa6\xac\xe0\xa6\xbe\xe0\xa6\x82\xe0\xa6\xb2\xe0\xa6\xbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>B\xc3\xa2n-l\xc3\xa2m-g\xc3\xba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Python (\xd0\xbc\xd0\xbe\xd0\xb2\xd0\xb0 \xd0\xbf\xd1\x80\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb3\xd1\x80\xd0\xb0\xd0\xbc\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb2\xd0\xb0\xd0\xbd\xd0\xbd\xd1\x8f) \xe2\x80\x93 Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\x91\xd0\xb5\xd0\xbb\xd0\xb0\xd1\x80\xd1\x83\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb0\xd1\x8f</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8" title="\xe0\xa4\xaa\xe0\xa4\xbe\xe0\xa4\x87\xe0\xa4\xa5\xe0\xa4\xa8 \xe2\x80\x93 Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xa4\xad\xe0\xa5\x8b\xe0\xa4\x9c\xe0\xa4\xaa\xe0\xa5\x81\xe0\xa4\xb0\xe0\xa5\x80</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\x91\xd1\x8a\xd0\xbb\xd0\xb3\xd0\xb0\xd1\x80\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) \xe2\x80\x93 Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lavar_programmi%C3%B1)" title="Python (lavar programmi\xc3\xb1) \xe2\x80\x93 Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Catal\xc3\xa0</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) \xe2\x80\x93 Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xc4\x8ce\xc5\xa1tina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(iaith_raglennu)" title="Python (iaith raglennu) \xe2\x80\x93 Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeringssprog)" title="Python (programmeringssprog) \xe2\x80\x93 Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmiersprache)" title="Python (Programmiersprache) \xe2\x80\x93 German" lang="de" hreflang="de" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeerimiskeel)" title="Python (programmeerimiskeel) \xe2\x80\x93 Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xce\x95\xce\xbb\xce\xbb\xce\xb7\xce\xbd\xce\xb9\xce\xba\xce\xac</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Espa\xc3\xb1ol</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programlingvo)" title="Python (programlingvo) \xe2\x80\x93 Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(informatika)" title="Python (informatika) \xe2\x80\x93 Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="\xd9\xbe\xd8\xa7\xdb\x8c\xd8\xaa\xd9\x88\xd9\x86 (\xd8\xb2\xd8\xa8\xd8\xa7\xd9\x86 \xd8\xa8\xd8\xb1\xd9\x86\xd8\xa7\xd9\x85\xd9\x87\xe2\x80\x8c\xd9\x86\xd9\x88\xdb\x8c\xd8\xb3\xdb\x8c) \xe2\x80\x93 Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd9\x81\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1\xd8\xb3\xdb\x8c</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(langage)" title="Python (langage) \xe2\x80\x93 French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fran\xc3\xa7ais</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8(%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE)" title="\xe0\xaa\xaa\xe0\xaa\xbe\xe0\xaa\xaf\xe0\xaa\xa5\xe0\xab\x8b\xe0\xaa\xa8(\xe0\xaa\xaa\xe0\xab\x8d\xe0\xaa\xb0\xe0\xab\x8b\xe0\xaa\x97\xe0\xab\x8d\xe0\xaa\xb0\xe0\xaa\xbe\xe0\xaa\xae\xe0\xaa\xbf\xe0\xaa\x82\xe0\xaa\x97 \xe0\xaa\xad\xe0\xaa\xbe\xe0\xaa\xb7\xe0\xaa\xbe) \xe2\x80\x93 Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xaa\x97\xe0\xab\x81\xe0\xaa\x9c\xe0\xaa\xb0\xe0\xaa\xbe\xe0\xaa\xa4\xe0\xab\x80</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%8D%AC" title="\xed\x8c\x8c\xec\x9d\xb4\xec\x8d\xac \xe2\x80\x93 Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xed\x95\x9c\xea\xb5\xad\xec\x96\xb4</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd5\x80\xd5\xa1\xd5\xb5\xd5\xa5\xd6\x80\xd5\xa5\xd5\xb6</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8" title="\xe0\xa4\xaa\xe0\xa4\xbe\xe0\xa4\x87\xe0\xa4\xa5\xe0\xa4\xa8 \xe2\x80\x93 Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xa4\xb9\xe0\xa4\xbf\xe0\xa4\xa8\xe0\xa5\x8d\xe0\xa4\xa6\xe0\xa5\x80</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) \xe2\x80\x93 Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(bahasa_pemrograman)" title="Python (bahasa pemrograman) \xe2\x80\x93 Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(linguage_de_programmation)" title="Python (linguage de programmation) \xe2\x80\x93 Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(forritunarm%C3%A1l)" title="Python (forritunarm\xc3\xa1l) \xe2\x80\x93 Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xc3\x8dslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9F" title="\xd7\xa4\xd7\x99\xd7\x99\xd7\xaa\xd7\x95\xd7\x9f \xe2\x80\x93 Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd7\xa2\xd7\x91\xd7\xa8\xd7\x99\xd7\xaa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="\xe1\x83\x9e\xe1\x83\x90\xe1\x83\x98\xe1\x83\x97\xe1\x83\x9d\xe1\x83\x9c\xe1\x83\x98 (\xe1\x83\x9e\xe1\x83\xa0\xe1\x83\x9d\xe1\x83\x92\xe1\x83\xa0\xe1\x83\x90\xe1\x83\x9b\xe1\x83\x98\xe1\x83\xa0\xe1\x83\x94\xe1\x83\x91\xe1\x83\x98\xe1\x83\xa1 \xe1\x83\x94\xe1\x83\x9c\xe1\x83\x90) \xe2\x80\x93 Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe1\x83\xa5\xe1\x83\x90\xe1\x83\xa0\xe1\x83\x97\xe1\x83\xa3\xe1\x83\x9a\xe1\x83\x98</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd2\x9a\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb7\xd0\xb0\xd2\x9b\xd1\x88\xd0\xb0</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Lugha_ya_programu)" title="Python (Lugha ya programu) \xe2\x80\x93 Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ziman%C3%AA_bernamesaziy%C3%AA)" title="Python (ziman\xc3\xaa bernamesaziy\xc3\xaa) \xe2\x80\x93 Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurd\xc3\xae</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\x9a\xd1\x8b\xd1\x80\xd0\xb3\xd1\x8b\xd0\xb7\xd1\x87\xd0\xb0</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lingua_programmandi)" title="Python (lingua programmandi) \xe2\x80\x93 Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programm%C4%93%C5%A1anas_valoda)" title="Python (programm\xc4\x93\xc5\xa1anas valoda) \xe2\x80\x93 Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latvie\xc5\xa1u</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvi\xc5\xb3</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/paiton" title="paiton \xe2\x80\x93 Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programoz%C3%A1si_nyelv)" title="Python (programoz\xc3\xa1si nyelv) \xe2\x80\x93 Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="\xd0\x9f\xd0\xb0\xd1\x98\xd1\x82\xd0\xbe\xd0\xbd (\xd0\xbf\xd1\x80\xd0\xbe\xd0\xb3\xd1\x80\xd0\xb0\xd0\xbc\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8 \xd1\x98\xd0\xb0\xd0\xb7\xd0\xb8\xd0\xba) \xe2\x80\x93 Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\x9c\xd0\xb0\xd0\xba\xd0\xb5\xd0\xb4\xd0\xbe\xd0\xbd\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BA_(%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7)" title="\xe0\xb4\xaa\xe0\xb5\x88\xe0\xb4\xa4\xe0\xb5\x8d\xe0\xb4\xa4\xe0\xb5\xba (\xe0\xb4\xaa\xe0\xb5\x8d\xe0\xb4\xb0\xe0\xb5\x8b\xe0\xb4\x97\xe0\xb5\x8d\xe0\xb4\xb0\xe0\xb4\xbe\xe0\xb4\xae\xe0\xb4\xbf\xe0\xb4\x99\xe0\xb5\x8d\xe0\xb4\x99\xe0\xb5\x8d \xe0\xb4\xad\xe0\xb4\xbe\xe0\xb4\xb7) \xe2\x80\x93 Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xb4\xae\xe0\xb4\xb2\xe0\xb4\xaf\xe0\xb4\xbe\xe0\xb4\xb3\xe0\xb4\x82</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="\xe0\xa4\xaa\xe0\xa4\xbe\xe0\xa4\xaf\xe0\xa4\xa5\xe0\xa5\x89\xe0\xa4\xa8 \xe2\x80\x93 Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xa4\xae\xe0\xa4\xb0\xe0\xa4\xbe\xe0\xa4\xa0\xe0\xa5\x80</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\x9c\xd0\xbe\xd0\xbd\xd0\xb3\xd0\xbe\xd0\xbb</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) \xe2\x80\x93 Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe1\x80\x99\xe1\x80\xbc\xe1\x80\x94\xe1\x80\xba\xe1\x80\x99\xe1\x80\xac\xe1\x80\x98\xe1\x80\xac\xe1\x80\x9e\xe1\x80\xac</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmeertaal)" title="Python (programmeertaal) \xe2\x80\x93 Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe6\x97\xa5\xe6\x9c\xac\xe8\xaa\x9e</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%94%DF%8A%DF%8C%DF%95%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AC" title="\xdf\x94\xdf\x8a\xdf\x8c\xdf\x95\xdf\x90\xdf\xb2\xdf\xac \xe2\x80\x93 N\xe2\x80\x99Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xdf\x92\xdf\x9e\xdf\x8f</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Norwegian Bokm\xc3\xa5l" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokm\xc3\xa5l</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_(%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE)" title="\xe0\xac\xaa\xe0\xac\xbe\xe0\xac\x87\xe0\xac\xa5\xe0\xac\xa8\xe0\xad\x8d (\xe0\xac\xaa\xe0\xad\x8d\xe0\xac\xb0\xe0\xad\x8b\xe0\xac\x97\xe0\xad\x8d\xe0\xac\xb0\xe0\xac\xbe\xe0\xac\xae\xe0\xac\xbf\xe0\xac\x82 \xe0\xac\xad\xe0\xac\xbe\xe0\xac\xb7\xe0\xac\xbe) \xe2\x80\x93 Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xac\x93\xe0\xac\xa1\xe0\xac\xbc\xe0\xac\xbf\xe0\xac\x86</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>O\xca\xbbzbekcha/\xd1\x9e\xd0\xb7\xd0\xb1\xd0\xb5\xd0\xba\xd1\x87\xd0\xb0</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%A8_(%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE)" title="\xe0\xa8\xaa\xe0\xa8\xbe\xe0\xa8\x88\xe0\xa8\xa5\xe0\xa8\xa8 (\xe0\xa8\xaa\xe0\xa9\x8d\xe0\xa8\xb0\xe0\xa9\x8b\xe0\xa8\x97\xe0\xa8\xb0\xe0\xa8\xbe\xe0\xa8\xae\xe0\xa8\xbf\xe0\xa9\xb0\xe0\xa8\x97 \xe0\xa8\xad\xe0\xa8\xbe\xe0\xa8\xb8\xe0\xa8\xbc\xe0\xa8\xbe) \xe2\x80\x93 Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xa8\xaa\xe0\xa9\xb0\xe0\xa8\x9c\xe0\xa8\xbe\xe0\xa8\xac\xe0\xa9\x80</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86_(%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C)" title="\xd9\xbe\xd8\xa7\xd8\xa6\xdb\x8c\xd8\xaa\xda\xbe\xd9\x86 (\xda\xa9\xd9\x85\xd9\xbe\xdb\x8c\xd9\x88\xd9\xb9\xd8\xb1 \xd8\xa8\xd9\x88\xd9\x84\xdb\x8c) \xe2\x80\x93 Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd9\xbe\xd9\x86\xd8\xac\xd8\xa7\xd8\xa8\xdb\x8c</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%95%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="\xe1\x9e\x95\xe1\x9e\xb6\xe1\x9e\x99\xe1\x9e\x90\xe1\x9e\xbb\xe1\x9e\x93 \xe2\x80\x93 Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe1\x9e\x97\xe1\x9e\xb6\xe1\x9e\x9f\xe1\x9e\xb6\xe1\x9e\x81\xe1\x9f\x92\xe1\x9e\x98\xe1\x9f\x82\xe1\x9e\x9a</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(Programmeerspraak)" title="Python (Programmeerspraak) \xe2\x80\x93 Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattd\xc3\xbc\xc3\xbctsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Portugu\xc3\xaas</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rom\xc3\xa2n\xc4\x83</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(kamachina_simin)" title="Python (kamachina simin) \xe2\x80\x93 Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\xa0\xd1\x83\xd1\x81\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8\xd0\xb9</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\xa1\xd0\xb0\xd1\x85\xd0\xb0 \xd1\x82\xd1\x8b\xd0\xbb\xd0\xb0</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1(%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4)" title="\xe1\xb1\xaf\xe1\xb1\x9f\xe1\xb1\xad\xe1\xb1\x9b\xe1\xb1\xb7\xe1\xb1\x9a\xe1\xb1\xb1(\xe1\xb1\xaf\xe1\xb1\xa8\xe1\xb1\xb3\xe1\xb1\x9c\xe1\xb1\xbd\xe1\xb1\xa8\xe1\xb1\x9f\xe1\xb1\xa2\xe1\xb1\xa4\xe1\xb1\x9d \xe1\xb1\xaf\xe1\xb1\x9f\xe1\xb1\xb9\xe1\xb1\xa8\xe1\xb1\xa5\xe1\xb1\xa4) \xe2\x80\x93 Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe1\xb1\xa5\xe1\xb1\x9f\xe1\xb1\xb1\xe1\xb1\x9b\xe1\xb1\x9f\xe1\xb1\xb2\xe1\xb1\xa4</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programmin_leid)" title="Python (programmin leid) \xe2\x80\x93 Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="\xe0\xb6\xb4\xe0\xb6\xba\xe0\xb7\x92\xe0\xb6\xad\xe0\xb6\xb1\xe0\xb7\x8a \xe2\x80\x93 Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xb7\x83\xe0\xb7\x92\xe0\xb6\x82\xe0\xb7\x84\xe0\xb6\xbd</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) \xe2\x80\x93 Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programovac%C3%AD_jazyk)" title="Python (programovac\xc3\xad jazyk) \xe2\x80\x93 Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sloven\xc4\x8dina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programski_jezik)" title="Python (programski jezik) \xe2\x80\x93 Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sloven\xc5\xa1\xc4\x8dina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86_(%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C)" title="\xd9\xbe\xd8\xa7\xdb\x8c\xd8\xaa\xdb\x86\xd9\x86 (\xd8\xb2\xd9\x85\xd8\xa7\xd9\x86\xdb\x8c \xd8\xa8\xdb\x95\xd8\xb1\xd9\x86\xd8\xa7\xd9\x85\xdb\x95\xd8\xb3\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb2\xdb\x8c) \xe2\x80\x93 Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xda\xa9\xd9\x88\xd8\xb1\xd8\xaf\xdb\x8c</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Python (\xd0\xbf\xd1\x80\xd0\xbe\xd0\xb3\xd1\x80\xd0\xb0\xd0\xbc\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8 \xd1\x98\xd0\xb5\xd0\xb7\xd0\xb8\xd0\xba) \xe2\x80\x93 Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\xa1\xd1\x80\xd0\xbf\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8 / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_programski_jezik" title="Python programski jezik \xe2\x80\x93 Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / \xd1\x81\xd1\x80\xd0\xbf\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xbe\xd1\x85\xd1\x80\xd0\xb2\xd0\xb0\xd1\x82\xd1\x81\xd0\xba\xd0\xb8</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ohjelmointikieli)" title="Python (ohjelmointikieli) \xe2\x80\x93 Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programspr%C3%A5k)" title="Python (programspr\xc3\xa5k) \xe2\x80\x93 Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(wikang_pamprograma)" title="Python (wikang pamprograma) \xe2\x80\x93 Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="\xe0\xae\xaa\xe0\xaf\x88\xe0\xae\xa4\xe0\xaf\x8d\xe0\xae\xa4\xe0\xae\xbe\xe0\xae\xa9\xe0\xaf\x8d \xe2\x80\x93 Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xae\xa4\xe0\xae\xae\xe0\xae\xbf\xe0\xae\xb4\xe0\xaf\x8d</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\xa2\xd0\xb0\xd1\x82\xd0\xb0\xd1\x80\xd1\x87\xd0\xb0/tatar\xc3\xa7a</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) \xe2\x80\x93 Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe1\x81\xbd\xe1\x82\x83\xe1\x82\x87\xe1\x80\x9e\xe1\x82\x83\xe1\x82\x87\xe1\x80\x90\xe1\x82\x86\xe1\x80\xb8 </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_(%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7)" title="\xe0\xb0\xaa\xe0\xb1\x88\xe0\xb0\xa5\xe0\xb0\xbe\xe0\xb0\xa8\xe0\xb1\x8d (\xe0\xb0\x95\xe0\xb0\x82\xe0\xb0\xaa\xe0\xb1\x8d\xe0\xb0\xaf\xe0\xb1\x82\xe0\xb0\x9f\xe0\xb0\xb0\xe0\xb1\x8d \xe0\xb0\xad\xe0\xb0\xbe\xe0\xb0\xb7) \xe2\x80\x93 Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xb0\xa4\xe0\xb1\x86\xe0\xb0\xb2\xe0\xb1\x81\xe0\xb0\x97\xe0\xb1\x81</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1)" title="\xe0\xb9\x84\xe0\xb8\x9e\xe0\xb8\x97\xe0\xb8\xad\xe0\xb8\x99 (\xe0\xb8\xa0\xe0\xb8\xb2\xe0\xb8\xa9\xe0\xb8\xb2\xe0\xb9\x82\xe0\xb8\x9b\xe0\xb8\xa3\xe0\xb9\x81\xe0\xb8\x81\xe0\xb8\xa3\xe0\xb8\xa1) \xe2\x80\x93 Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe0\xb9\x84\xe0\xb8\x97\xe0\xb8\xa2</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\xa2\xd0\xbe\xd2\xb7\xd0\xb8\xd0\xba\xd3\xa3</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>T\xc3\xbcrk\xc3\xa7e</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe1\xa8\x85\xe1\xa8\x94 \xe1\xa8\x95\xe1\xa8\x98\xe1\xa8\x81\xe1\xa8\x97</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd0\xa3\xd0\xba\xd1\x80\xd0\xb0\xd1\x97\xd0\xbd\xd1\x81\xd1\x8c\xd0\xba\xd0\xb0</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%86_(%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="\xd9\xbe\xd8\xa7\xd8\xa6\xdb\x8c\xd8\xaa\xda\xbe\xd9\x86 (\xd9\xbe\xd8\xb1\xd9\x88\xda\xaf\xd8\xb1\xd8\xa7\xd9\x85\xd9\x86\xda\xaf \xd8\xb2\xd8\xa8\xd8\xa7\xd9\x86) \xe2\x80\x93 Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd8\xa7\xd8\xb1\xd8\xaf\xd9\x88</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="\xd9\xbe\xd8\xa7\xd9\x8a\xd8\xb3\xd9\x88\xd9\x86 \xe2\x80\x93 Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xd8\xa6\xdb\x87\xd9\x8a\xd8\xba\xdb\x87\xd8\xb1\xda\x86\xdb\x95 / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_l%E1%BA%ADp_tr%C3%ACnh)" title="Python (ng\xc3\xb4n ng\xe1\xbb\xaf l\xe1\xba\xadp tr\xc3\xacnh) \xe2\x80\x93 Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ti\xe1\xba\xbfng Vi\xe1\xbb\x87t</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(lingaedje_%C3%A9ndjolike)" title="Python (lingaedje \xc3\xa9ndjolike) \xe2\x80\x93 Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%90%8C" title="\xe7\x9a\xae\xe5\x90\x8c \xe2\x80\x93 Classical Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe6\x96\x87\xe8\xa8\x80</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language) \xe2\x80\x93 Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe5\x90\xb4\xe8\xaf\xad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe7\xb2\xb5\xe8\xaa\x9e</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python" title="Python \xe2\x80\x93 Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\t\t<div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28865#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div>\n\t\t</div>\n\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\t\t\t\t</header>\n\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-page-toolbar">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-page-toolbar-container">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="left-navigation">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label="Namespaces">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Python_(programming_language)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n<div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu vector-dropdown vector-menu-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" >\n\t<input type="checkbox"\n\t\tid="p-variants-checkbox"\n\t\trole="button"\n\t\taria-haspopup="true"\n\t\tdata-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-variants"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-checkbox"\n\t\taria-label="Change language variant"\n\t\t\n\t/>\n\t<label\n\t\tid="p-variants-label"\n\t\tfor="p-variants-checkbox"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-heading "\n\t\t\n\t>\n\t\t<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">English</span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"></ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label="Views">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n<div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" >\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;action=edit" title="This page is protected.&#10;You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="More options">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n<div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu vector-dropdown vector-menu-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" >\n\t<input type="checkbox"\n\t\tid="p-cactions-checkbox"\n\t\trole="button"\n\t\taria-haspopup="true"\n\t\tdata-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-cactions"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-checkbox"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t/>\n\t<label\n\t\tid="p-cactions-label"\n\t\tfor="p-cactions-checkbox"\n\t\tclass="vector-menu-heading"\n\t\t\n\t>\n\t\t<span class="vector-menu-heading-label">More</span>\n\t</label>\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\n\t<div class="vector-menu-content">\n\t\t\n\t\t<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"><li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li></ul>\n\t\t\n\t</div>\n\n\t</div>\n</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t</nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class="vector-body-before-content">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class="mw-indicators">\n\t\t<div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t<div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until December 31, 2023 at 15:30 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div>\n\t\t</div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p class="mw-empty-elt">\n</p>\n<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">General-purpose programming language</div>\n<p class="mw-empty-elt">\n</p>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" \xc2\xb7 ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066479718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Python</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Python-logo-notext.svg" class="image"><img alt="Python-logo-notext.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/121px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="133" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/182px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/242px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="126" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:center;"></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">&#91;1&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed&#160;by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First&#160;appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">20&#160;February 1991<span class="noprint">&#59;&#32;31 years ago</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-02-20</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-alt-sources-history_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alt-sources-history-2">&#91;2&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718"/></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.11.1<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-b347cb49e07d779bb62fc860419c7ef75e6e44d9-v3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-b347cb49e07d779bb62fc860419c7ef75e6e44d9-v3-3">&#91;3&#93;</a></sup>&#160;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a>\n / 6 December 2022<span class="noprint">&#59;&#32;60 days ago</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">6 December 2022</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.12.0a4<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-0533fea2377f945f7fa8ba9efb1f6f46836476a2-v3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-0533fea2377f945f7fa8ba9efb1f6f46836476a2-v3-4">&#91;4&#93;</a></sup>&#160;<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a>\n / 10 January 2023<span class="noprint">&#59;&#32;25 days ago</span><span style="display:none">&#160;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">10 January 2023</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">\n</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">Duck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong typing</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">&#91;5&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gradual_typing" title="Gradual typing">gradual</a> (since 3.5, but ignored in <a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">&#91;6&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux/UNIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">&#91;7&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">&#91;8&#93;</a></sup> and more<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">&#91;9&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.py, .pyi, .pyc, .pyd, .pyw, .pyz (since 3.5),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">&#91;10&#93;</a></sup> .pyo (prior to 3.5)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">&#91;11&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/">python.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyPy#RPython" title="PyPy">RPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">Starlark</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">&#91;12&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-faq-created_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-created-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">&#91;14&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98-interview_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98-interview-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-python.org_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-python.org-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-1-17">&#91;17&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-classmix_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classmix-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-effbot-call-by-object_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-effbot-call-by-object-19">&#91;19&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-2-20">&#91;20&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-3-21">&#91;21&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-python.org_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-python.org-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">Icon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-4-22">&#91;22&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-6_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-6-23">&#91;23&#93;</a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-98-interview_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98-interview-15">&#91;15&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-classmix_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classmix-18">&#91;18&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">&#91;24&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a><sup id="cite_ref-python.org_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-python.org-16">&#91;16&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">Apache Groovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">&#91;25&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genie_(programming_language)" title="Genie (programming language)">Genie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">&#91;26&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">&#91;27&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">&#91;28&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Julia_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julia-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-30">&#91;30&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bini_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bini-31">&#91;31&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup id="cite_ref-lattner2014_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lattner2014-32">&#91;32&#93;</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below hlist" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Python Programming">Python Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul>\n</td></tr></tbody></table>\n<p><b>Python</b> is a <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level</a>, <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_programming_language" title="General-purpose programming language">general-purpose programming language</a>. Its design philosophy emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Code_readability" class="mw-redirect" title="Code readability">code readability</a> with the use of <a href="/wiki/Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">significant indentation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-7_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-7-33">&#91;33&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python is <a href="/wiki/Type_system#DYNAMIC" title="Type system">dynamically typed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage-collected</a>. It supports multiple <a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">programming paradigms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a>), <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a>. It is often described as a "batteries included" language due to its comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-About_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About-34">&#91;34&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">&#91;35&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> began working on Python in the late 1980s as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC programming language</a> and first released it in 1991 as Python&#160;0.9.0.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">&#91;36&#93;</a></sup> Python&#160;2.0 was released in 2000. Python&#160;3.0, released in 2008, was a major revision not completely <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward-compatible</a> with earlier versions. Python&#160;2.7.18, released in 2020, was the last release of Python&#160;2.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">&#91;37&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python consistently ranks as one of the most popular programming languages.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">&#91;38&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">&#91;39&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tiobecurrent_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiobecurrent-40">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">&#91;41&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" />\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2>\n<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006_cropped.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006_cropped.png/150px-Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006_cropped.png/225px-Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006_cropped.png/300px-Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1762" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Guido_van_Rossum_OSCON_2006_cropped.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The designer of Python, <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a>, at <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Open_Source_Convention" title="O&#39;Reilly Open Source Convention">OSCON</a> 2006</div></div></div>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Python" title="History of Python">History of Python</a></div>\n<p>Python was conceived in the late 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-venners-interview-pt-1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-42">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Centrum_Wiskunde_%26_Informatica" title="Centrum Wiskunde &amp; Informatica">Centrum Wiskunde &amp; Informatica</a> (CWI) in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> as a successor to the <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC programming language</a>, which was inspired by <a href="/wiki/SETL" title="SETL">SETL</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-12_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-12-43">&#91;43&#93;</a></sup> capable of <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling" title="Exception handling">exception handling</a> and interfacing with the <a href="/wiki/Amoeba_(operating_system)" title="Amoeba (operating system)">Amoeba</a> operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-faq-created_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faq-created-13">&#91;13&#93;</a></sup> Its implementation began in December&#160;1989.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline-of-python_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-of-python-44">&#91;44&#93;</a></sup> Van Rossum shouldered sole responsibility for the project, as the lead developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his "permanent vacation" from his responsibilities as Python\'s "<a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictator_for_life" title="Benevolent dictator for life">benevolent dictator for life</a>", a title the Python community bestowed upon him to reflect his long-term commitment as the project\'s chief decision-maker.<sup id="cite_ref-lj-bdfl-resignation_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lj-bdfl-resignation-45">&#91;45&#93;</a></sup> In January&#160;2019, active Python core developers elected a five-member Steering Council to lead the project.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">&#91;46&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">&#91;47&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python&#160;2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major new features such as <a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycle_detection" title="Cycle detection">cycle-detecting</a> garbage collection, <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support.<sup id="cite_ref-newin-2.0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newin-2.0-48">&#91;48&#93;</a></sup> Python&#160;3.0, released on 3 December 2008, with many of its major features <a href="/wiki/Backporting" title="Backporting">backported</a> to Python&#160;2.6.x<sup id="cite_ref-pep-3000_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep-3000-49">&#91;49&#93;</a></sup> and 2.7.x. Releases of Python&#160;3 include the <code>2to3</code> utility, which automates the translation of Python&#160;2 code to Python&#160;3.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">&#91;50&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python&#160;2.7\'s <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_product" title="End-of-life product">end-of-life</a> was initially set for 2015, then postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing code could not easily be forward-ported to Python&#160;3.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">&#91;51&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">&#91;52&#93;</a></sup> No further security patches or other improvements will be released for it.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">&#91;53&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">&#91;54&#93;</a></sup> Currently only 3.7 and later are supported. In 2021, Python&#160;3.9.2 and 3.8.8 were expedited<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">&#91;55&#93;</a></sup> as all versions of Python (including 2.7<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">&#91;56&#93;</a></sup>) had security issues leading to possible <a href="/wiki/Remote_code_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote code execution">remote code execution</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">&#91;57&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cache_poisoning" title="Cache poisoning">web cache poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">&#91;58&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>In 2022, Python&#160;3.10.4 and 3.9.12 were expedited<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">&#91;59&#93;</a></sup> and 3.8.13, and 3.7.13, because of many security issues.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">&#91;60&#93;</a></sup> When Python&#160;3.9.13 was released in May 2022, it was announced that the 3.9 series (joining the older series 3.8 and 3.7) would only receive security fixes in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">&#91;61&#93;</a></sup> On September 7, 2022, four new releases were made due to a potential <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">denial-of-service attack</a>: 3.10.7, 3.9.14, 3.8.14, and 3.7.14.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">&#91;62&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">&#91;63&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>As of November&#160;2022,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup> Python&#160;3.11.0 is the current stable release. Notable changes from 3.10 include increased program execution speed and improved error reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64">&#91;64&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Design_philosophy_and_features">Design philosophy and features</span></h2>\n<p>Python is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">multi-paradigm programming language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a> are fully supported, and many of their features support functional programming and <a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">aspect-oriented programming</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Metaprogramming" title="Metaprogramming">metaprogramming</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-13_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-13-65">&#91;65&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Metaobject" title="Metaobject">metaobjects</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-14_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-14-66">&#91;66&#93;</a></sup> Many other paradigms are supported via extensions, including <a href="/wiki/Design_by_contract" title="Design by contract">design by contract</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-15_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-15-67">&#91;67&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-16_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-16-68">&#91;68&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Logic_programming" title="Logic programming">logic programming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-17_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-17-69">&#91;69&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python uses <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic typing</a> and a combination of <a href="/wiki/Reference_counting" title="Reference counting">reference counting</a> and a cycle-detecting garbage collector for <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reference_counting_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reference_counting-70">&#91;70&#93;</a></sup> It uses dynamic <a href="/wiki/Name_resolution_(programming_languages)" title="Name resolution (programming languages)">name resolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Late_binding" title="Late binding">late binding</a>), which binds method and variable names during program execution.\n</p><p>Its design offers some support for functional programming in the <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a> tradition. It has <code>filter</code>,<code>map</code>and<code>reduce</code> functions; <a href="/wiki/List_comprehension" title="List comprehension">list comprehensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">dictionaries</a>, sets, and <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-59_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-71">&#91;71&#93;</a></sup> The standard library has two modules (<code>itertools</code> and <code>functools</code>) that implement functional tools borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-18_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-18-72">&#91;72&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Its core philosophy is summarized in the document <i>The <a href="/wiki/Zen_of_Python" title="Zen of Python">Zen of Python</a></i> (<i>PEP 20</i>), which includes <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> such as:<sup id="cite_ref-PEP20_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEP20-73">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Beautiful is better than ugly.</li>\n<li>Explicit is better than implicit.</li>\n<li>Simple is better than complex.</li>\n<li>Complex is better than complicated.</li>\n<li>Readability counts.</li></ul>\n<p>Rather than building all of its functionality into its core, Python was designed to be highly <a href="/wiki/Extensibility" title="Extensibility">extensible</a> via modules. This compact modularity has made it particularly popular as a means of adding programmable interfaces to existing applications. Van Rossum\'s vision of a small core language with a large standard library and easily extensible interpreter stemmed from his frustrations with <a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a>, which espoused the opposite approach.<sup id="cite_ref-venners-interview-pt-1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-42">&#91;42&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python strives for a simpler, less-cluttered syntax and grammar while giving developers a choice in their coding methodology. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>\'s "<a href="/wiki/There_is_more_than_one_way_to_do_it" class="mw-redirect" title="There is more than one way to do it">there is more than one way to do it</a>" motto, Python embraces a "there should be one\xe2\x80\x94and preferably only one\xe2\x80\x94obvious way to do it" philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-PEP20_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEP20-73">&#91;73&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Martelli" title="Alex Martelli">Alex Martelli</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a> and Python book author, wrote: "To describe something as \'clever\' is <i>not</i> considered a compliment in the Python culture."<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-19_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-19-74">&#91;74&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python\'s developers strive to avoid <a href="/wiki/Premature_optimization" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature optimization">premature optimization</a> and reject patches to non-critical parts of the <a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-20_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-20-75">&#91;75&#93;</a></sup> When speed is important, a Python programmer can move time-critical functions to extension modules written in languages such as C; or use <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compiler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a> is also available, which translates a Python script into C and makes direct C-level API calls into the Python interpreter.\n</p><p>Python\'s developers aim for it to be fun to use. This is reflected in its name\xe2\x80\x94a tribute to the British comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a><sup id="cite_ref-whyname_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whyname-76">&#91;76&#93;</a></sup>\xe2\x80\x94and in occasionally playful approaches to tutorials and reference materials, such as the use of the terms "spam" and "eggs" (a reference to <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)">a Monty Python sketch</a>) in examples, instead of the often-used <a href="/wiki/Foobar" title="Foobar">"foo" and "bar"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">&#91;77&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">&#91;78&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>A common <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> in the Python community is <i>pythonic</i>, which has a wide range of meanings related to program style. "Pythonic" code may use Python idioms well, be natural or show fluency in the language, or conform with Python\'s minimalist philosophy and emphasis on readability. Code that is difficult to understand or reads like a rough transcription from another programming language is called <i>unpythonic</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">&#91;79&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">&#91;80&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Syntax_and_semantics">Syntax and semantics</span></h2>\n<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics</a></div>\n<p>Python is meant to be an easily readable language. Its formatting is visually uncluttered and often uses English keywords where other languages use punctuation. Unlike many other languages, it does not use <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket programming language">curly brackets</a> to delimit blocks, and semicolons after statements are allowed but rarely used. It has fewer syntactic exceptions and special cases than <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-52_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-52-81">&#91;81&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Indentation">Indentation</span></h3>\n<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics#Indentation" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics \xc2\xa7&#160;Indentation</a></div>\n<p>Python uses <a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">whitespace</a> indentation, rather than <a href="/wiki/Curly_bracket_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Curly bracket programming language">curly brackets</a> or keywords, to delimit <a href="/wiki/Block_(programming)" title="Block (programming)">blocks</a>. An increase in indentation comes after certain statements; a decrease in indentation signifies the end of the current block.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-53_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-53-82">&#91;82&#93;</a></sup> Thus, the program\'s visual structure accurately represents its semantic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-guttag_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guttag-83">&#91;83&#93;</a></sup> This feature is sometimes termed the <a href="/wiki/Off-side_rule" title="Off-side rule">off-side rule</a>. Some other languages use indentation this way; but in most, indentation has no semantic meaning. The recommended indent size is four spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">&#91;84&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Statements_and_control_flow">Statements and control flow</span></h3>\n<p>Python\'s <a href="/wiki/Statement_(computer_science)" title="Statement (computer science)">statements</a> include:\n</p>\n<ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Assignment_(computer_science)" title="Assignment (computer science)">assignment</a> statement, using a single equals sign <code>=</code></li>\n<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/If-then-else" class="mw-redirect" title="If-then-else">if</a></code> statement, which conditionally executes a block of code, along with <code>else</code> and <code>elif</code> (a contraction of else-if)</li>\n<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Foreach#Python" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreach">for</a></code> statement, which iterates over an iterable object, capturing each element to a local variable for use by the attached block</li>\n<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/While_loop#Python" title="While loop">while</a></code> statement, which executes a block of code as long as its condition is true</li>\n<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Exception_handling_syntax#Python" title="Exception handling syntax">try</a></code> statement, which allows exceptions raised in its attached code block to be caught and handled by <code>except</code> clauses (or new syntax <code>except*</code> in Python 3.11 for exception groups<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">&#91;85&#93;</a></sup>); it also ensures that clean-up code in a <code>finally</code> block is always run regardless of how the block exits</li>\n<li>The <code>raise</code> statement, used to raise a specified exception or re-raise a caught exception</li>\n<li>The <code>class</code> statement, which executes a block of code and attaches its local namespace to a <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">class</a>, for use in object-oriented programming</li>\n<li>The <code>def</code> statement, which defines a <a href="/wiki/Function_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (computing)">function</a> or <a href="/wiki/Method_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computing)">method</a></li>\n<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Dispose_pattern#Language_constructs" title="Dispose pattern">with</a></code> statement, which encloses a code block within a context manager (for example, acquiring a <a href="/wiki/Lock_(computer_science)" title="Lock (computer science)">lock</a> before it is run, then releasing the lock; or opening and closing a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a>), allowing <a href="/wiki/Resource_acquisition_is_initialization" title="Resource acquisition is initialization">resource-acquisition-is-initialization</a> (RAII)-like behavior and replacing a common try/finally idiom<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">&#91;86&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Break_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Break statement">break</a></code> statement, which exits a loop</li>\n<li>The <code>continue</code> statement, which skips the rest of the current iteration and continues with the next</li>\n<li>The <code>del</code> statement, which removes a variable\xe2\x80\x94deleting the reference from the name to the value, and producing an error if the variable is referred to before it is redefined</li>\n<li>The <code>pass</code> statement, serving as a <a href="/wiki/NOP_(code)" title="NOP (code)">NOP</a>, syntactically needed to create an empty code block</li>\n<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Assertion_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertion (programming)">assert</a></code> statement, used in debugging to check for conditions that should apply</li>\n<li>The <code>yield</code> statement, which returns a value from a <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)#Python" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> function (and also an operator); used to implement <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutines</a></li>\n<li>The <code>return</code> statement, used to return a value from a function</li>\n<li>The <code><a href="/wiki/Include_directive" title="Include directive">import</a></code> and <code>from</code> statements, used to import modules whose functions or variables can be used in the current program</li></ul>\n<p>The assignment statement (<code>=</code>) binds a name as a <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">reference</a> to a separate, dynamically allocated <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a>. Variables may subsequently be rebound at any time to any object. In Python, a variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed <a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">data type</a>; however, it always refers to <i>some</i> object with a type. This is called <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic type">dynamic typing</a>\xe2\x80\x94in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Statically-typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Statically-typed">statically-typed</a> languages, where each variable may contain only a value of a certain type.\n</p><p>Python does not support <a href="/wiki/Tail_call" title="Tail call">tail call</a> optimization or <a href="/wiki/First-class_continuations" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class continuations">first-class continuations</a>, and, according to Van Rossum, it never will.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-55_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-55-87">&#91;87&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-56_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-56-88">&#91;88&#93;</a></sup> However, better support for <a href="/wiki/Coroutine" title="Coroutine">coroutine</a>-like functionality is provided by extending Python\'s <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">generators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-57_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-57-89">&#91;89&#93;</a></sup> Before 2.5, generators were <a href="/wiki/Lazy_evaluation" title="Lazy evaluation">lazy</a> <a href="/wiki/Iterator" title="Iterator">iterators</a>; data was passed unidirectionally out of the generator. From Python&#160;2.5 on, it is possible to pass data back into a generator function; and from version 3.3, it can be passed through multiple stack levels.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-58_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-58-90">&#91;90&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Expressions">Expressions</span></h3>\n<p>Python\'s <a href="/wiki/Expression_(computer_science)" title="Expression (computer science)">expressions</a> include:\n</p>\n<ul><li>The <code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, and <code>*</code> operators for mathematical addition, subtraction, and multiplication are similar to other languages, but the behavior of division differs. There are two types of divisions in Python: <a href="/wiki/Floor_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor division">floor division</a> (or integer division) <code>//</code> and floating-point<code>/</code>division.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91">&#91;91&#93;</a></sup> Python uses the <code>**</code> operator for exponentiation.</li>\n<li>Python uses the <code>+</code> operator for string concatenation. Python uses the <code>*</code> operator for duplicating a string a specified number of times.</li>\n<li>The <code>@</code> infix operator. It is intended to be used by libraries such as <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Matrix_multiplication" title="Matrix multiplication">matrix multiplication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PEP465_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PEP465-92">&#91;92&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Python3.5Changelog_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Python3.5Changelog-93">&#91;93&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>The syntax <code>:=</code>, called the "walrus operator", was introduced in Python 3.8. It assigns values to variables as part of a larger expression.<sup id="cite_ref-Python3.8Changelog_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Python3.8Changelog-94">&#91;94&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>In Python, <code>==</code> compares by value. Python\'s <code>is</code> operator may be used to compare object identities (comparison by reference), and comparisons may be chained\xe2\x80\x94for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span> <span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">&lt;=</span> <span class="n">c</span></code>.</li>\n<li>Python uses <code>and</code>, <code>or</code>, and <code>not</code> as boolean operators.</li>\n<li>Python has a type of expression called a <i><a href="/wiki/List_comprehension#Python" title="List comprehension">list comprehension</a></i>, as well as a more general expression called a <i><a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_programming)" title="Generator (computer programming)">generator</a> expression</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-59_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-59-71">&#91;71&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">Anonymous functions</a> are implemented using <a href="/wiki/Lambda_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda (programming)">lambda expressions</a>; however, there may be only one expression in each body.</li>\n<li>Conditional expressions are written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">x</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">y</span></code><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-60_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-60-95">&#91;95&#93;</a></sup> (different in order of operands from the <code><a href="/wiki/%3F:" class="mw-redirect" title="?:">c&#160;? x&#160;: y</a></code> operator common to many other languages).</li>\n<li>Python makes a distinction between <a href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuple" title="Tuple">tuples</a>. Lists are written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span></code>, are mutable, and cannot be used as the keys of dictionaries (dictionary keys must be <a href="/wiki/Immutable" class="mw-redirect" title="Immutable">immutable</a> in Python). Tuples, written as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span></code>, are immutable and thus can be used as keys of dictionaries, provided all of the tuple\'s elements are immutable. The <code>+</code> operator can be used to concatenate two tuples, which does not directly modify their contents, but produces a new tuple containing the elements of both. Thus, given the variable <code>t</code> initially equal to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span></code>, executing <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span></code> first evaluates <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">t</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span></code>, which yields <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span></code>, which is then assigned back to <code>t</code>\xe2\x80\x94thereby effectively "modifying the contents" of <code>t</code> while conforming to the immutable nature of tuple objects. Parentheses are optional for tuples in unambiguous contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96">&#91;96&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>Python features <i>sequence unpacking</i> where multiple expressions, each evaluating to anything that can be assigned (to a variable, writable property, etc.) are associated in an identical manner to that forming tuple literals\xe2\x80\x94and, as a whole, are put on the left-hand side of the equal sign in an assignment statement. The statement expects an <i>iterable</i> object on the right-hand side of the equal sign that produces the same number of values as the provided writable expressions; when iterated through them, it assigns each of the produced values to the corresponding expression on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97">&#91;97&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>Python has a "string format" operator <code>%</code> that functions analogously to <code><a href="/wiki/Printf_format_string" title="Printf format string">printf</a></code> format strings in C\xe2\x80\x94e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s2">&quot;spam=</span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s2"> eggs=</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;blah&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span></code> evaluates to <code>"spam=blah eggs=2"</code>. In Python&#160;2.6+ and 3+, this was supplemented by the <code>format()</code> method of the <code>str</code> class, e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s2">&quot;spam=</span><span class="si">{0}</span><span class="s2"> eggs=</span><span class="si">{1}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">format</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;blah&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span></code>. Python&#160;3.6 added "f-strings": <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">spam</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;blah&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="n">eggs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s1">&#39;spam=</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">spam</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1"> eggs=</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">eggs</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s1">&#39;</span></code>.<sup id="cite_ref-pep-0498_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-98">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>Strings in Python can be <a href="/wiki/Concatenation" title="Concatenation">concatenated</a> by "adding" them (with the same operator as for adding integers and floats), e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s2">&quot;spam&quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">&quot;eggs&quot;</span></code> returns <code>"spameggs"</code>. If strings contain numbers, they are added as strings rather than integers, e.g. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s2">&quot;2&quot;</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="s2">&quot;2&quot;</span></code> returns <code>"22"</code>.</li>\n<li>Python has various <a href="/wiki/String_literal" title="String literal">string literals</a>:\n<ul><li>Delimited by single or double quote marks; unlike in <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, and Perl-influenced languages, single and double quote marks work the same. Both use the backslash (<code>\\</code>) as an <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escape character</a>. <a href="/wiki/String_interpolation" title="String interpolation">String interpolation</a> became available in Python&#160;3.6 as "formatted string literals".<sup id="cite_ref-pep-0498_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep-0498-98">&#91;98&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>Triple-quoted (beginning and ending with three single or double quote marks), which may span multiple lines and function like <a href="/wiki/Here_document" title="Here document">here documents</a> in shells, Perl, and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>.</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Raw_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw string">Raw string</a> varieties, denoted by prefixing the string literal with <code>r</code>. Escape sequences are not interpreted; hence raw strings are useful where literal backslashes are common, such as <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>-style paths. (Compare "<code>@</code>-quoting" in <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>.)</li></ul></li>\n<li>Python has <a href="/wiki/Array_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Array index">array index</a> and <a href="/wiki/Array_slicing" title="Array slicing">array slicing</a> expressions in lists, denoted as <code>a[key]</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">]</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">start</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">stop</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">step</span><span class="p">]</span></code>. Indexes are <a href="/wiki/Zero-based_numbering" title="Zero-based numbering">zero-based</a>, and negative indexes are relative to the end. Slices take elements from the <i>start</i> index up to, but not including, the <i>stop</i> index. The third slice parameter called <i>step</i> or <i>stride</i>, allows elements to be skipped and reversed. Slice indexes may be omitted\xe2\x80\x94for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">[:]</span></code> returns a copy of the entire list. Each element of a slice is a <a href="/wiki/Shallow_copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow copy">shallow copy</a>.</li></ul>\n<p>In Python, a distinction between expressions and statements is rigidly enforced, in contrast to languages such as <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheme_(programming_language)" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>. This leads to duplicating some functionality. For example:\n</p>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_comprehensions" class="mw-redirect" title="List comprehensions">List comprehensions</a> vs. <code>for</code>-loops</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional (programming)">Conditional</a> expressions vs. <code>if</code> blocks</li>\n<li>The <code>eval()</code> vs. <code>exec()</code> built-in functions (in Python&#160;2, <code>exec</code> is a statement); the former is for expressions, the latter is for statements</li></ul>\n<p>Statements cannot be a part of an expression\xe2\x80\x94so list and other comprehensions or <a href="/wiki/Lambda_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda (programming)">lambda expressions</a>, all being expressions, cannot contain statements. A particular case is that an assignment statement such as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span></code> cannot form part of the conditional expression of a conditional statement. This has the advantage of avoiding a classic C error of mistaking an assignment operator <code>=</code> for an equality operator <code>==</code> in conditions: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">c</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"></span></code> is syntactically valid (but probably unintended) C code, but <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">c</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span></code> causes a syntax error in Python.\n</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Methods">Methods</span></h3>\n<p><a href="/wiki/Method_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (programming)">Methods</a> on objects are <a href="/wiki/Function_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (programming)">functions</a> attached to the object\'s class; the syntax <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">instance</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">)</span></code> is, for normal methods and functions, <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_sugar" title="Syntactic sugar">syntactic sugar</a> for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">Class</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instance</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">argument</span><span class="p">)</span></code>. Python methods have an explicit <code><a href="/wiki/This_(computer_programming)" title="This (computer programming)">self</a></code> parameter to access <a href="/wiki/Instance_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Instance data">instance data</a>, in contrast to the implicit self (or <code>this</code>) in some other object-oriented programming languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, Java, <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-61_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-61-99">&#91;99&#93;</a></sup> Python also provides methods, often called <i>dunder methods</i> (due to their names beginning and ending with double-underscores), to allow user-defined classes to modify how they are handled by native operations including length, comparison, in <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="Arithmetic operations">arithmetic operations</a> and type conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100">&#91;100&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Typing">Typing</span></h3>\n<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg/220px-Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg/330px-Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg/440px-Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="731" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Python_3._The_standard_type_hierarchy-en.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The standard type hierarchy in Python&#160;3</div></div></div>\n<p>Python uses <a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">duck typing</a> and has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at <a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile time</a>; rather, operations on an object may fail, signifying that it is not of a suitable type. Despite being <a href="/wiki/Type_system#Dynamic_type_checking_and_runtime_type_information" title="Type system">dynamically typed</a>, Python is <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strongly typed</a>, forbidding operations that are not well-defined (for example, adding a number to a string) rather than silently attempting to make sense of them.\n</p><p>Python allows programmers to define their own types using <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, most often used for <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>. New <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">instances</a> of classes are constructed by calling the class (for example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">SpamClass</span><span class="p">()</span></code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">EggsClass</span><span class="p">()</span></code>), and the classes are instances of the <a href="/wiki/Metaclass" title="Metaclass">metaclass</a> <code>type</code> (itself an instance of itself), allowing metaprogramming and <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection (computer science)">reflection</a>.\n</p><p>Before version&#160;3.0, Python had two kinds of classes (both using the same syntax): <i>old-style</i> and <i>new-style</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-classy_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classy-101">&#91;101&#93;</a></sup> current Python versions only support the semantics new style.\n</p><p>Python supports <a href="/wiki/Gradual_typing" title="Gradual typing">gradual typing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102">&#91;102&#93;</a></sup> Python\'s syntax allows specifying static types, but they are not checked in the default implementation, <a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>. An experimental optional static type-checker, <i>mypy</i>, supports compile-time type checking.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103">&#91;103&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<table class="wikitable">\n<caption>Summary of Python 3\'s built-in types\n</caption>\n<tbody><tr>\n<th>Type\n</th>\n<th><a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Mutability</a>\n</th>\n<th>Description\n</th>\n<th>Syntax examples\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>bool</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td><a href="/wiki/Boolean_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean value">Boolean value</a>\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="kc">True</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="kc">False</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>bytearray</code>\n</td>\n<td>mutable\n</td>\n<td>Sequence of <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a>\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;Some ASCII&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">&quot;Some ASCII&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">119</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">107</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">])</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>bytes</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td>Sequence of bytes\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">&#39;Some ASCII&#39;</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">&quot;Some ASCII&quot;</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">bytes</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">119</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">107</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">])</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>complex</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td><a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">Complex number</a> with real and imaginary parts\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">2.7</span><span class="n">j</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">2.7</span><span class="n">j</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>dict</code>\n</td>\n<td>mutable\n</td>\n<td><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a> (or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values), keys must be a hashable type\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;key1&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">}</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{}</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>types.EllipsisType</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td>An <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(programming_operator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellipsis (programming operator)">ellipsis</a> placeholder to be used as an index in <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> arrays\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="o">...</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="bp">Ellipsis</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>float</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td><a href="/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" title="Double-precision floating-point format">Double-precision</a> <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point number</a>. The precision is machine-dependent but in practice is generally implemented as a 64-bit <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE&#160;754</a> number with 53&#160;bits of precision.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">&#91;104&#93;</a></sup>\n</td>\n<td>\n<p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="mf">1.33333</span></code>\n</p>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>frozenset</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td>Unordered <a href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable\n</td>\n<td><span class="nowrap"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">frozenset</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">])</span></code></span>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>int</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td><a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">Integer</a> of unlimited magnitude<sup id="cite_ref-pep0237_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep0237-105">&#91;105&#93;</a></sup>\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="mi">42</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>list</code>\n</td>\n<td>mutable\n</td>\n<td><a href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (computer science)">List</a>, can contain mixed types\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">]</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">[]</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>types.NoneType</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td>An object representing the absence of a value, often called <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null</a> in other languages\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="kc">None</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>types.NotImplementedType</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td>A placeholder that can be returned from <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">overloaded operators</a> to indicate unsupported operand types.\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="bp">NotImplemented</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>range</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td>An <i>immutable sequence</i> of numbers commonly used for looping a specific number of times in <code>for</code> loops<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106">&#91;106&#93;</a></sup>\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>set</code>\n</td>\n<td>mutable\n</td>\n<td>Unordered <a href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">{</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">}</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span></code>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>str</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td>A <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">character string</a>: sequence of Unicode codepoints\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s1">&#39;Wikipedia&#39;</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="s2">&quot;Wikipedia&quot;</span></code><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">&quot;&quot;&quot;Spanning</span>\n<span class="sd">multiple</span>\n<span class="sd">lines&quot;&quot;&quot;</span>\n</pre></div><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Spanning</span>\n<span class="n">multiple</span>\n<span class="n">lines</span>\n</pre></div>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><code>tuple</code>\n</td>\n<td>immutable\n</td>\n<td>Can contain mixed types\n</td>\n<td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">&#39;string&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;single element&#39;</span><span class="p">,)</span></code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">()</span></code>\n</td></tr></tbody></table>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Arithmetic_operations">Arithmetic operations</span></h3>\n<p>Python has the usual symbols for arithmetic operators (<code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>), the floor division operator <code>//</code> and the <a href="/wiki/Modulo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulo operation">modulo operation</a> <code>%</code> (where the remainder can be negative, e.g. <code>4&#160;% -3 == -2</code>). It also has <code>**</code> for <a href="/wiki/Exponentiation" title="Exponentiation">exponentiation</a>, e.g. <code>5**3 == 125</code> and <code>9**0.5 == 3.0</code>, and a matrix\xe2\x80\x91multiplication operator <code>@</code> .<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107">&#91;107&#93;</a></sup> These operators work like in traditional math; with the same <a href="/wiki/Order_of_operations" title="Order of operations">precedence rules</a>, the operators <a href="/wiki/Infix_notation" title="Infix notation">infix</a> (<code>+</code> and <code>-</code> can also be <a href="/wiki/Unary_operation" title="Unary operation">unary</a> to represent positive and negative numbers respectively).\n</p><p>The division between integers produces floating-point results. The behavior of division has changed significantly over time:<sup id="cite_ref-pep0238_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep0238-108">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<ul><li>Current Python (i.e. since 3.0) changed <code>/</code> to always be floating-point division, e.g. <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="mi">5</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mf">2.5</span></code>.</li>\n<li>The floor division <code>//</code> operator was introduced. So <code>7//3 == 2</code>, <code>-7//3 == -3</code>, <code>7.5//3 == 2.0</code> and <code>-7.5//3 == -3.0</code>. Adding <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python2 mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">__future__</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">division</span></code> causes a module used in Python 2.7 to use Python&#160;3.0 rules for division (see above).</li></ul>\n<p>In Python terms, <code>/</code> is <i>true division</i> (or simply <i>division</i>), and <code>//</code> is <i>floor division.</i> <code>/</code> before version 3.0 is <i>classic division</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pep0238_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pep0238-108">&#91;108&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Rounding towards negative infinity, though different from most languages, adds consistency. For instance, it means that the equation <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span></code> is always true. It also means that the equation <code class="nowrap mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" id="" style="" dir="ltr"><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="n">a</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="n">b</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="n">a</span></code> is valid for both positive and negative values of <code>a</code>. However, maintaining the validity of this equation means that while the result of <code>a%b</code> is, as expected, in the <a href="/wiki/Half-open_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-open interval">half-open interval</a> [0, <i>b</i>), where <code>b</code> is a positive integer, it has to lie in the interval (<i>b</i>, 0] when <code>b</code> is negative.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-62_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-62-109">&#91;109&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python provides a <code>round</code> function for <a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">rounding</a> a float to the nearest integer. For <a href="/wiki/Rounding#Tie-breaking" title="Rounding">tie-breaking</a>, Python&#160;3 uses <a href="/wiki/Round_to_even" class="mw-redirect" title="Round to even">round to even</a>: <code>round(1.5)</code> and <code>round(2.5)</code> both produce <code>2</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-64_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-64-110">&#91;110&#93;</a></sup> Versions before 3 used <a href="/wiki/Rounding#Rounding_away_from_zero" title="Rounding">round-away-from-zero</a>: <code>round(0.5)</code> is <code>1.0</code>, <code>round(-0.5)</code> is <code>\xe2\x88\x921.0</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-63_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-63-111">&#91;111&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python allows boolean expressions with multiple equality relations in a manner that is consistent with general use in mathematics. For example, the expression <code>a &lt; b &lt; c</code> tests whether <code>a</code> is less than <code>b</code> and <code>b</code> is less than <code>c</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-65_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-65-112">&#91;112&#93;</a></sup> C-derived languages interpret this expression differently: in C, the expression would first evaluate <code>a &lt; b</code>, resulting in 0 or 1, and that result would then be compared with <code>c</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-CPL_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPL-113">&#91;113&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python uses <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary-precision_arithmetic" title="Arbitrary-precision arithmetic">arbitrary-precision arithmetic</a> for all integer operations. The <code>Decimal</code> type/class in the <code>decimal</code> module provides <a href="/wiki/Decimal_floating_point" title="Decimal floating point">decimal floating-point numbers</a> to a pre-defined arbitrary precision and several rounding modes.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114">&#91;114&#93;</a></sup> The <code>Fraction</code> class in the <code>fractions</code> module provides arbitrary precision for <a href="/wiki/Rational_number" title="Rational number">rational numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115">&#91;115&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Due to Python\'s extensive mathematics library, and the third-party library <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> that further extends the native capabilities, it is frequently used as a scientific scripting language to aid in problems such as numerical data processing and manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116">&#91;116&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117">&#91;117&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Programming_examples">Programming examples</span></h2>\n<p><a href="/wiki/%22Hello,_World!%22_program" title="&quot;Hello, World!&quot; program">Hello world</a> program:\n</p>\n<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Hello, world!&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>\n</pre></div>\n<p>Program to calculate the <a href="/wiki/Factorial" title="Factorial">factorial</a> of a positive integer:\n</p>\n<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="linenos" data-line="1"></span><span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">input</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;Type a number, and its factorial will be printed: &#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>\n<span class="linenos" data-line="2"></span>\n<span class="linenos" data-line="3"></span><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">&lt;</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">:</span>\n<span class="linenos" data-line="4"></span> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">ValueError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;You must enter a non-negative integer&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>\n<span class="linenos" data-line="5"></span>\n<span class="linenos" data-line="6"></span><span class="n">factorial</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>\n<span class="linenos" data-line="7"></span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">i</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">n</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">):</span>\n<span class="linenos" data-line="8"></span> <span class="n">factorial</span> <span class="o">*=</span> <span class="n">i</span>\n<span class="linenos" data-line="9"></span>\n<span class="linenos" data-line="10"></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">factorial</span><span class="p">)</span>\n</pre></div>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Libraries">Libraries</span></h2>\n<p>Python\'s large standard library<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-86_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-86-118">&#91;118&#93;</a></sup> provides tools suited to many tasks and is commonly cited as one of its greatest strengths. For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats and protocols such as <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a> are supported. It includes modules for creating <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a>, connecting to <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational databases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Pseudorandom number generator">generating pseudorandom numbers</a>, arithmetic with arbitrary-precision decimals,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-88_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-88-119">&#91;119&#93;</a></sup> manipulating <a href="/wiki/Regular_expression" title="Regular expression">regular expressions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unit_testing" title="Unit testing">unit testing</a>.\n</p><p>Some parts of the standard library are covered by specifications\xe2\x80\x94for example, the <a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Web Server Gateway Interface</a> (WSGI) implementation <code>wsgiref</code> follows PEP 333<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-89_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-89-120">&#91;120&#93;</a></sup>\xe2\x80\x94but most are specified by their code, internal documentation, and <a href="/wiki/Test_suite" title="Test suite">test suites</a>. However, because most of the standard library is cross-platform Python code, only a few modules need altering or rewriting for variant implementations.\n</p><p>As of 14&#160;November&#160;2022,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Python_Package_Index" title="Python Package Index">Python Package Index</a> (PyPI), the official repository for third-party Python software, contains over 415,000<sup id="cite_ref-Modulecounts_2022_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modulecounts_2022-121">&#91;121&#93;</a></sup> packages with a wide range of functionality, including:\n</p>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r998391716">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Data_analytics" class="mw-redirect" title="Data analytics">Data analytics</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Documentation" title="Documentation">Documentation</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">Image processing</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Mobile apps</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Computer_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networking">Computer networking</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">Scientific computing</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/System_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="System administration">System administration</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Test_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Test framework">Test frameworks</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Text_processing" title="Text processing">Text processing</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">Web scraping</a></li></ul></div>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Development_environments">Development environments</span></h2>\n<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#Python" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Comparison of integrated development environments \xc2\xa7&#160;Python</a></div>\n<p>Most Python implementations (including CPython) include a <a href="/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop" title="Read\xe2\x80\x93eval\xe2\x80\x93print loop">read\xe2\x80\x93eval\xe2\x80\x93print loop</a> (REPL), permitting them to function as a <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interpreter">command line interpreter</a> for which users enter statements sequentially and receive results immediately.\n</p><p>Python also comes with an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment (IDE)</a> called <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>, which is more beginner-oriented.\n</p><p>Other shells, including <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a> and <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, add further abilities such as improved auto-completion, session state retention, and <a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a>.\n</p><p>As well as standard desktop <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environments</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">Web browser</a>-based IDEs, including <a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a>, for developing science- and math-related programs; <a href="/wiki/PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a>, a browser-based IDE and hosting environment; and Canopy IDE, a commercial IDE emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Scientific_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific computing">scientific computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122">&#91;122&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Implementations">Implementations</span></h2>\n<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software#Python_implementations" title="List of Python software">List of Python software \xc2\xa7&#160;Python implementations</a></div>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reference_implementation">Reference implementation</span></h3>\n<p><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference implementation</a> of Python. It is written in C, meeting the <a href="/wiki/C89_(C_version)" class="mw-redirect" title="C89 (C version)">C89</a> standard (Python 3.11 uses <a href="/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123">&#91;123&#93;</a></sup>) with several select <a href="/wiki/C99" title="C99">C99</a> features (With later C versions out, it is considered outdated.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">&#91;124&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125">&#91;125&#93;</a></sup> CPython includes its own C extensions, but third-party extensions are not limited to older C versions\xe2\x80\x94e.g. they can be implemented with <a href="/wiki/C11_(C_standard_revision)" title="C11 (C standard revision)">C11</a> or C++.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">&#91;126&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-66_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-66-127">&#91;127&#93;</a></sup>) It <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiles</a> Python programs into an intermediate <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-67_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-67-128">&#91;128&#93;</a></sup> which is then executed by its <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-68_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-68-129">&#91;129&#93;</a></sup> CPython is distributed with a large standard library written in a mixture of C and native Python, and is available for many platforms, including Windows (starting with Python&#160;3.9, the Python installer deliberately fails to install on <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and 8;<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130">&#91;130&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">&#91;131&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> was supported until Python&#160;3.5) and most modern <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems, including macOS (and <a href="/wiki/Apple_M1" title="Apple M1">Apple M1</a> Macs, since Python&#160;3.9.1, with experimental installer) and unofficial support for e.g. <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132">&#91;132&#93;</a></sup> Platform portability was one of its earliest priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-69_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-69-133">&#91;133&#93;</a></sup> (During Python&#160;1 and 2 development, even <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> were supported,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134">&#91;134&#93;</a></sup> but support has since been dropped for many platforms.)\n</p>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_implementations">Other implementations</span></h3>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a> is a fast, compliant interpreter of Python&#160;2.7 and 3.8.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-70_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-70-135">&#91;135&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136">&#91;136&#93;</a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compiler</a> often brings a significant speed improvement over CPython but some libraries written in C cannot be used with it.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-71_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-71-137">&#91;137&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a> is a significant fork of CPython that implements <a href="/wiki/Microthread" title="Microthread">microthreads</a>; it does not use the <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">call stack</a> in the same way, thus allowing massively concurrent programs. PyPy also has a stackless version.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-73_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-73-138">&#91;138&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a> and <a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a> are Python&#160;3 variants optimized for <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Lego_Mindstorms_EV3" title="Lego Mindstorms EV3">Lego Mindstorms EV3</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">&#91;139&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>Pyston is a variant of the Python runtime that uses just-in-time compilation to speed up the execution of Python programs.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140">&#91;140&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>Cinder is a performance-oriented fork of CPython 3.8 that contains a number of optimizations including bytecode inline caching, eager evaluation of coroutines, a method-at-a-time <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT</a>, and an experimental bytecode compiler.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141">&#91;141&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Unsupported_implementations">Unsupported implementations</span></h3>\n<p>Other just-in-time Python compilers have been developed, but are now unsupported:\n</p>\n<ul><li>Google began a project named <a href="/wiki/Unladen_Swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Unladen Swallow">Unladen Swallow</a> in 2009, with the aim of speeding up the Python interpreter fivefold by using the <a href="/wiki/LLVM" title="LLVM">LLVM</a>, and of improving its multithreading ability to scale to thousands of cores,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-74_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-74-142">&#91;142&#93;</a></sup> while ordinary implementations suffer from the <a href="/wiki/Global_interpreter_lock" title="Global interpreter lock">global interpreter lock</a>.</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Psyco" title="Psyco">Psyco</a> is a discontinued <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time</a> <a href="/wiki/Run-time_algorithm_specialization" title="Run-time algorithm specialization">specializing</a> compiler that integrates with CPython and transforms bytecode to machine code at runtime. The emitted code is specialized for certain <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> and is faster than the standard Python code. Psyco does not support Python&#160;2.7 or later.</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/PyS60" class="mw-redirect" title="PyS60">PyS60</a> was a Python&#160;2 interpreter for <a href="/wiki/Series_60" class="mw-redirect" title="Series 60">Series 60</a> mobile phones released by <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> in 2005. It implemented many of the modules from the standard library and some additional modules for integrating with the <a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> operating system. The Nokia <a href="/wiki/N900" class="mw-redirect" title="N900">N900</a> also supports Python with <a href="/wiki/GTK" title="GTK">GTK</a> widget libraries, enabling programs to be written and run on the target device.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143">&#91;143&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cross-compilers_to_other_languages">Cross-compilers to other languages</span></h3>\n<p>There are several compilers to high-level object languages, with either unrestricted Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a language similar to Python as the source language:\n</p>\n<ul><li>Brython,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144">&#91;144&#93;</a></sup> Transcrypt<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145">&#91;145&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146">&#91;146&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Pyjs" title="Pyjs">Pyjs</a> (latest release in 2012) compile Python to <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a> compiles (a superset of) Python to C (while the resulting code is also usable with Python and also e.g. C++).</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Nuitka" title="Nuitka">Nuitka</a> compiles Python into C.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">&#91;147&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a> uses LLVM to compile a subset of Python to machine code.</li>\n<li>Pythran compiles a subset of Python&#160;3 to C++ (<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148">&#91;148&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">&#91;149&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guelton_Brunet_Amini_Merlini_2015_p=014001_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guelton_Brunet_Amini_Merlini_2015_p=014001-150">&#91;150&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/RPython" class="mw-redirect" title="RPython">RPython</a> can be compiled to C, and is used to build the PyPy interpreter of Python.</li>\n<li>The Python \xe2\x86\x92 11l \xe2\x86\x92 C++ transpiler<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">&#91;151&#93;</a></sup> compiles a subset of Python&#160;3 to C++ (<a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B17" title="C++17">C++17</a>).</li></ul>\n<p>Specialized:\n</p>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/MyHDL" title="MyHDL">MyHDL</a> is a Python-based <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware description language</a> (HDL), that converts MyHDL code to <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a> or <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> code.</li></ul>\n<p>Older projects (or not to be used with Python 3.x and latest syntax):\n</p>\n<ul><li>Google\'s Grumpy (latest release in 2017) <a href="/wiki/Transpile" class="mw-redirect" title="Transpile">transpiles</a> Python&#160;2 to <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152">&#91;152&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153">&#91;153&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154">&#91;154&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a> allows running Python&#160;2.7 programs (and an <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Alpha" title="Software release life cycle">alpha</a>, released in 2021, is also available for "Python&#160;3.4, although features and behaviors from later versions may be included"<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155">&#91;155&#93;</a></sup>) on the .NET <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">&#91;156&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a> compiles Python&#160;2.7 to Java bytecode, allowing the use of the Java libraries from a Python program.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157">&#91;157&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Pyrex_(programming_language)" title="Pyrex (programming language)">Pyrex</a> (latest release in 2010) and <a href="/wiki/Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">Shed Skin</a> (latest release in 2013) compile to C and C++ respectively.</li></ul>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Performance">Performance</span></h3>\n<p>Performance comparison of various Python implementations on a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload was presented at EuroSciPy \'13.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158">&#91;158&#93;</a></sup> Python\'s performance compared to other programming languages is also benchmarked by <a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Language_Benchmarks_Game" title="The Computer Language Benchmarks Game">The Computer Language Benchmarks Game</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159">&#91;159&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Development">Development</span></h2>\n<p>Python\'s development is conducted largely through the <i>Python Enhancement Proposal</i> (PEP) process, the primary mechanism for proposing major new features, collecting community input on issues, and documenting Python design decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-PepCite000_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PepCite000-160">&#91;160&#93;</a></sup> Python coding style is covered in PEP&#160;8.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">&#91;161&#93;</a></sup> Outstanding PEPs are reviewed and commented on by the Python community and the steering council.<sup id="cite_ref-PepCite000_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PepCite000-160">&#91;160&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Enhancement of the language corresponds with the development of the CPython reference implementation. The mailing list python-dev is the primary forum for the language\'s development. Specific issues were originally discussed in the <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(issue_tracker)" title="Roundup (issue tracker)">Roundup</a> <a href="/wiki/Bug_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug tracker">bug tracker</a> hosted at by the foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-21_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-21-162">&#91;162&#93;</a></sup> In 2022, all issues and discussions were migrated to <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">&#91;163&#93;</a></sup> Development originally took place on a <a href="/wiki/Self-hosting_(web_services)" title="Self-hosting (web services)">self-hosted</a> source-code repository running <a href="/wiki/Mercurial" title="Mercurial">Mercurial</a>, until Python moved to <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> in January 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-py_dev_guide_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-py_dev_guide-164">&#91;164&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>CPython\'s public releases come in three types, distinguished by which part of the version number is incremented:\n</p>\n<ul><li>Backward-incompatible versions, where code is expected to break and needs to be manually <a href="/wiki/Ported" class="mw-redirect" title="Ported">ported</a>. The first part of the version number is incremented. These releases happen infrequently\xe2\x80\x94version 3.0 was released 8 years after 2.0. According to Guido van Rossum, a version 4.0 is very unlikely to ever happen.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">&#91;165&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>Major or "feature" releases are largely compatible with the previous version but introduce new features. The second part of the version number is incremented. Starting with Python&#160;3.9, these releases are expected to happen annually.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166">&#91;166&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">&#91;167&#93;</a></sup> Each major version is supported by bug fixes for several years after its release.<sup id="cite_ref-release-schedule_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-release-schedule-168">&#91;168&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li>Bugfix releases,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-22_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-22-169">&#91;169&#93;</a></sup> which introduce no new features, occur about every 3 months and are made when a sufficient number of bugs have been fixed upstream since the last release. Security vulnerabilities are also patched in these releases. The third and final part of the version number is incremented.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-22_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-22-169">&#91;169&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<p>Many <a href="/wiki/Beta_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta release">alpha, beta, and release-candidates</a> are also released as previews and for testing before final releases. Although there is a rough schedule for each release, they are often delayed if the code is not ready. Python\'s development team monitors the state of the code by running the large <a href="/wiki/Unit_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit test">unit test</a> suite during development.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-23_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-23-170">&#91;170&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>The major <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">academic conference</a> on Python is <a href="/wiki/PyCon" class="mw-redirect" title="PyCon">PyCon</a>. There are also special Python mentoring programs, such as <a href="/wiki/Pyladies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyladies">Pyladies</a>.\n</p><p>Python&#160;3.10 deprecated <code>wstr</code> (to be removed in Python&#160;3.12; meaning Python extensions<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171">&#91;171&#93;</a></sup> need to be modified by then),<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172">&#91;172&#93;</a></sup> and added <a href="/wiki/Pattern_matching" title="Pattern matching">pattern matching</a> to the language.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">&#91;173&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="API_documentation_generators">API documentation generators</span></h2>\n<p>Tools that can generate documentation for Python API include <a href="/wiki/Pydoc" title="Pydoc">pydoc</a> (available as part of the standard library), <a href="/wiki/Sphinx_(documentation_generator)" title="Sphinx (documentation generator)">Sphinx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pdoc" title="Pdoc">Pdoc</a> and its forks, <a href="/wiki/Doxygen" title="Doxygen">Doxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphviz" title="Graphviz">Graphviz</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">&#91;174&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Naming">Naming</span></h2>\n<p>Python\'s name is derived from the British comedy group <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>, whom Python creator Guido van Rossum enjoyed while developing the language. Monty Python references appear frequently in Python code and culture;<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial-chapter1_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-175">&#91;175&#93;</a></sup> for example, the <a href="/wiki/Metasyntactic_variable" title="Metasyntactic variable">metasyntactic variables</a> often used in Python literature are <a href="/wiki/Spam_(Monty_Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (Monty Python)"><i>spam</i> and <i>eggs</i></a> instead of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Foobar" title="Foobar"><i>foo</i> and <i>bar</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tutorial-chapter1_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-175">&#91;175&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-26_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-26-176">&#91;176&#93;</a></sup> The official Python documentation also contains various references to Monty Python routines.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177">&#91;177&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178">&#91;178&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>The prefix <i>Py-</i> is used to show that something is related to Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python applications or libraries include <a href="/wiki/Pygame" title="Pygame">Pygame</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">binding</a> of <a href="/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer" title="Simple DirectMedia Layer">SDL</a> to Python (commonly used to create games); <a href="/wiki/PyQt" title="PyQt">PyQt</a> and <a href="/wiki/PyGTK" title="PyGTK">PyGTK</a>, which bind <a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a> and GTK to Python respectively; and <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, a Python implementation originally written in Python.\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Popularity">Popularity</span></h2>\n<p>Since 2003, Python has consistently ranked in the top ten most popular programming languages in the <a href="/wiki/TIOBE_Programming_Community_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="TIOBE Programming Community Index">TIOBE Programming Community Index</a> where as of December&#160;2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;action=edit">&#91;update&#93;</a></sup> it was the most popular language (ahead of C, C++, and <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-tiobecurrent_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tiobecurrent-40">&#91;40&#93;</a></sup> It was selected Programming Language of the Year (for "the highest rise in ratings in a year") in 2007, 2010, 2018, and 2020 (the only language to have done so four times as of 2020<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">&#91;179&#93;</a></sup>).\n</p><p>An empirical study found that scripting languages, such as Python, are more productive than conventional languages, such as C and Java, for programming problems involving string manipulation and search in a dictionary, and determined that memory consumption was often "better than Java and not much worse than C or C++".<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-28_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-28-180">&#91;180&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Large organizations that use Python include <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-quotes-about-python_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotes-about-python-181">&#91;181&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-29_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-29-182">&#91;182&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-30_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-30-183">&#91;183&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-31_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-31-184">&#91;184&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185">&#91;185&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">&#91;186&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">&#91;187&#93;</a></sup> and some smaller entities like <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Light_%26_Magic" title="Industrial Light &amp; Magic">ILM</a><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-32_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-32-188">&#91;188&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-33_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-33-189">&#91;189&#93;</a></sup> The social news networking site <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> was written mostly in Python.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190">&#91;190&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>\n<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">List of Python software</a></div>\n<div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Python_Powered.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Python_Powered.png/220px-Python_Powered.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Python_Powered.png/330px-Python_Powered.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Python_Powered.png/440px-Python_Powered.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="794" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Python_Powered.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Python Powered</div></div></div>\n<p>Python can serve as a <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> for <a href="/wiki/Web_application" title="Web application">web applications</a>, e.g., via <a href="/wiki/Mod_wsgi" title="Mod wsgi">mod_wsgi</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Apache_webserver" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache webserver">Apache webserver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-35_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-35-191">&#91;191&#93;</a></sup> With <a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">Web Server Gateway Interface</a>, a standard API has evolved to facilitate these applications. <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">Web frameworks</a> like <a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pylons_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pylons (web framework)">Pylons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_(web_framework)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyramid (web framework)">Pyramid</a>, <a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a>, Bottle, and <a href="/wiki/Zope" title="Zope">Zope</a> support developers in the design and maintenance of complex applications. Pyjs and <a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a> can be used to develop the client-side of Ajax-based applications. <a href="/wiki/SQLAlchemy" title="SQLAlchemy">SQLAlchemy</a> can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Data_mapper_pattern" title="Data mapper pattern">data mapper</a> to a relational database. <a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">Twisted</a> is a framework to program communications between computers, and is used (for example) by <a href="/wiki/Dropbox_(service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dropbox (service)">Dropbox</a>.\n</p><p>Libraries such as <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a>, <a href="/wiki/SciPy" title="SciPy">SciPy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matplotlib" title="Matplotlib">Matplotlib</a> allow the effective use of Python in scientific computing,<sup id="cite_ref-cise_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cise-192">&#91;192&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-millman_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millman-193">&#91;193&#93;</a></sup> with specialized libraries such as <a href="/wiki/Biopython" title="Biopython">Biopython</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astropy" title="Astropy">Astropy</a> providing domain-specific functionality. <a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_algebra_system" title="Computer algebra system">computer algebra system</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Notebook_interface" title="Notebook interface">notebook interface</a> programmable in Python: its library covers many aspects of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combinatorics" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numerical_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical mathematics">numerical mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICSE_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICSE-194">&#91;194&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OpenCV" title="OpenCV">OpenCV</a> has Python bindings with a rich set of features for <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">image processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195">&#91;195&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> projects and machine learning projects with the help of libraries like <a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">Pytorch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scikit-learn" title="Scikit-learn">scikit-learn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whitepaper2015_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitepaper2015-196">&#91;196&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197">&#91;197&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198">&#91;198&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199">&#91;199&#93;</a></sup> As a scripting language with a <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular architecture</a>, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-47_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-47-200">&#91;200&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Python can also be used to create games, with libraries such as <a href="/wiki/Pygame" title="Pygame">Pygame</a>, which can make 2D games.\n</p><p>Python has been successfully embedded in many software products as a scripting language, including in <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element method</a> software such as <a href="/wiki/Abaqus" title="Abaqus">Abaqus</a>, 3D parametric modelers like <a href="/wiki/FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a>, 3D animation packages such as <a href="/wiki/3ds_Max" class="mw-redirect" title="3ds Max">3ds Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blender_(software)" title="Blender (software)">Blender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinema_4D" title="Cinema 4D">Cinema 4D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightwave">Lightwave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houdini_(software)" title="Houdini (software)">Houdini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (software)">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modo_(software)" title="Modo (software)">modo</a>, <a href="/wiki/MotionBuilder" class="mw-redirect" title="MotionBuilder">MotionBuilder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Softimage" title="Autodesk Softimage">Softimage</a>, the visual effects compositor <a href="/wiki/Nuke_(software)" title="Nuke (software)">Nuke</a>, 2D imaging programs like <a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">&#91;201&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Inkscape" title="Inkscape">Inkscape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scribus" title="Scribus">Scribus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paint_Shop_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paint Shop Pro">Paint Shop Pro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-38_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-38-202">&#91;202&#93;</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> programs like <a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">scorewriter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capella_(notation_program)" title="Capella (notation program)">capella</a>. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GNU Debugger</a> uses Python as a <a href="/wiki/Prettyprint" title="Prettyprint">pretty printer</a> to show complex structures such as C++ containers. <a href="/wiki/Esri" title="Esri">Esri</a> promotes Python as the best choice for writing scripts in <a href="/wiki/ArcGIS" title="ArcGIS">ArcGIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-39_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-39-203">&#91;203&#93;</a></sup> It has also been used in several video games,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-40_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-40-204">&#91;204&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-41_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-41-205">&#91;205&#93;</a></sup> and has been adopted as first of the three available <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">Google App Engine</a>, the other two being <a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-42_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-42-206">&#91;206&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Many operating systems include Python as a standard component. It ships with most <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207">&#91;207&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a> (using Python&#160;2.7), <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> (as a package), <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, and <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a> (as a package) and can be used from the command line (terminal). Many Linux distributions use installers written in Python: <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> uses the <a href="/wiki/Ubiquity_(software)" title="Ubiquity (software)">Ubiquity</a> installer, while <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a> use the <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_(installer)" title="Anaconda (installer)">Anaconda</a> installer. <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_Linux" title="Gentoo Linux">Gentoo Linux</a> uses Python in its <a href="/wiki/Package_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management system">package management system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portage_(software)" title="Portage (software)">Portage</a>.\n</p><p>Python is used extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">information security</a> industry, including in exploit development.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-49_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-49-208">&#91;208&#93;</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-50_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-50-209">&#91;209&#93;</a></sup>\n</p><p>Most of the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_(software)" title="Sugar (software)">Sugar</a> software for the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> XO, developed at <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Labs" title="Sugar Labs">Sugar Labs</a> since 2008, is written in Python.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-51_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-51-210">&#91;210&#93;</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> <a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">single-board computer</a> project has adopted Python as its main user-programming language.\n</p><p><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a> includes Python and intends to replace Java with Python. Its Python Scripting Provider is a core feature<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211">&#91;211&#93;</a></sup> since Version 4.0 from 7 February 2013.\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages_influenced_by_Python">Languages influenced by Python</span></h2>\n<p>Python\'s design and philosophy have influenced many other programming languages:\n</p>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a> uses indentation, a similar syntax, and a similar object model.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-90_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-90-212">&#91;212&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a> uses indentation and a similar syntax, and its <i>Acknowledgements</i> document lists Python first among languages that influenced it.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-91_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-91-213">&#91;213&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>, a programming language that cross-compiles to JavaScript, has Python-inspired syntax.</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</a>/<a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> borrowed iterators and <a href="/wiki/Generator_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generator (computer science)">generators</a> from Python.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-93_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-93-214">&#91;214&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/GDScript" class="mw-redirect" title="GDScript">GDScript</a>, a scripting language very similar to Python, built-in to the <a href="/wiki/Godot_(game_engine)" title="Godot (game engine)">Godot</a> game engine.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">&#91;215&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a> is designed for the "speed of working in a dynamic language like Python"<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-94_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-94-216">&#91;216&#93;</a></sup> and shares the same syntax for slicing arrays.</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a> was motivated by the desire to bring the Python design philosophy to <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-95_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-95-217">&#91;217&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a> was designed to be "as usable for general programming as Python".<sup id="cite_ref-Julia_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julia-29">&#91;29&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a> uses indentation and similar syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">&#91;218&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>\'s creator, <a href="/wiki/Yukihiro_Matsumoto" title="Yukihiro Matsumoto">Yukihiro Matsumoto</a>, has said: "I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That\'s why I decided to design my own language."<sup id="cite_ref-linuxdevcenter_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linuxdevcenter-219">&#91;219&#93;</a></sup></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a>, a programming language developed by Apple, has some Python-inspired syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220">&#91;220&#93;</a></sup></li></ul>\n<p>Python\'s development practices have also been emulated by other languages. For example, the practice of requiring a document describing the rationale for, and issues surrounding, a change to the language (in Python, a PEP) is also used in <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-99_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-99-221">&#91;221&#93;</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AutoNT-100_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-100-222">&#91;222&#93;</a></sup> and Swift.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">&#91;223&#93;</a></sup>\n</p>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1132942124">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px;padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright">\n<li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="image"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software portal</a></span></li></ul>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Python_syntax_and_semantics" title="Python syntax and semantics">Python syntax and semantics</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Pip_(package_manager)" title="Pip (package manager)">pip (package manager)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History of programming languages</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li></ul>\n<div style="clear:both;"></div>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;">\n<ol class="references">\n<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1133582631">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\\"""\\"""\'""\'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html#what-is-python">"General Python FAQ \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.9.2 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164224/http://docs.python.org/faq/general.html#what-is-python">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=General+Python+FAQ+%E2%80%94+Python+3.9.2+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Ffaq%2Fgeneral.html%23what-is-python&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-alt-sources-history-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alt-sources-history_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html">"Python 0.9.1 part 01/21"</a>. alt.sources archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811171015/https://www.tuhs.org/Usenet/alt.sources/1991-February/001749.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Python+0.9.1+part+01%2F21&amp;rft.pub=alt.sources+archives&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuhs.org%2FUsenet%2Falt.sources%2F1991-February%2F001749.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-wikidata-b347cb49e07d779bb62fc860419c7ef75e6e44d9-v3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-b347cb49e07d779bb62fc860419c7ef75e6e44d9-v3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2022/12/python-3111-3109-3916-3816-3716-and.html">"Python 3.11.1, 3.10.9, 3.9.16, 3.8.16, 3.7.16, and 3.12.0 alpha 3 are now available"</a>. 6 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Python+3.11.1%2C+3.10.9%2C+3.9.16%2C+3.8.16%2C+3.7.16%2C+and+3.12.0+alpha+3+are+now+available&amp;rft.date=2022-12-06&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpythoninsider.blogspot.com%2F2022%2F12%2Fpython-3111-3109-3916-3816-3716-and.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-wikidata-0533fea2377f945f7fa8ba9efb1f6f46836476a2-v3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-0533fea2377f945f7fa8ba9efb1f6f46836476a2-v3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2023/01/python-3120-alpha-4-released.html">"Python 3.12.0 alpha 4 released"</a>. 10 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Python+3.12.0+alpha+4+released&amp;rft.date=2023-01-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpythoninsider.blogspot.com%2F2023%2F01%2Fpython-3120-alpha-4-released.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/Why%20is%20Python%20a%20dynamic%20language%20and%20also%20a%20strongly%20typed%20language">"Why is Python a dynamic language and also a strongly typed language \xe2\x80\x93 Python Wiki"</a>. <i>wiki.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314173706/https://wiki.python.org/moin/Why%20is%20Python%20a%20dynamic%20language%20and%20also%20a%20strongly%20typed%20language">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=wiki.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Why+is+Python+a+dynamic+language+and+also+a+strongly+typed+language+%E2%80%93+Python+Wiki&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.python.org%2Fmoin%2FWhy%2520is%2520Python%2520a%2520dynamic%2520language%2520and%2520also%2520a%2520strongly%2520typed%2520language&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/">"PEP 483 \xe2\x80\x93 The Theory of Type Hints"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153558/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0483/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+483+%E2%80%93+The+Theory+of+Type+Hints&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0483%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3.7/library/test.html?highlight=android#test.support.is_android">"test \xe2\x80\x94 Regression tests package for Python \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.7.13 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=test+%E2%80%94+Regression+tests+package+for+Python+%E2%80%94+Python+3.7.13+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3.7%2Flibrary%2Ftest.html%3Fhighlight%3Dandroid%23test.support.is_android&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/platform.html?highlight=android">"platform \xe2\x80\x94 Access to underlying platform\'s identifying data \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.10.4 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=platform+%E2%80%94+Access+to+underlying+platform%27s+identifying+data+%E2%80%94+Python+3.10.4+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2Fplatform.html%3Fhighlight%3Dandroid&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/">"Download Python"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808035421/https://www.python.org/downloads/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Download+Python&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdownloads%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHolth2014" class="citation web cs1">Holth, Moore (30 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441/">"PEP 0441 \xe2\x80\x93 Improving Python ZIP Application Support"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141117/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0441/%20">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=PEP+0441+%E2%80%93+Improving+Python+ZIP+Application+Support&amp;rft.date=2014-03-30&amp;rft.aulast=Holth&amp;rft.aufirst=Moore&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0441%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">File extension .pyo was removed in Python 3.5. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488/">PEP 0488</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601133202/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0488/">Archived</a> 1 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/skylark/language.html">"Starlark Language"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615140534/https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/skylark/language.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Starlark+Language&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.bazel.build%2Fversions%2Fmaster%2Fskylark%2Flanguage.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-faq-created-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faq-created_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faq-created_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/faq/general.html#why-was-python-created-in-the-first-place">"Why was Python created in the first place?"</a>. <i>General Python FAQ</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164224/http://docs.python.org/faq/general.html#why-was-python-created-in-the-first-place">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2007</span>. <q>I had extensive experience with implementing an interpreted language in the ABC group at CWI, and from working with this group I had learned a lot about language design. This is the origin of many Python features, including the use of indentation for statement grouping and the inclusion of very high-level data types (although the details are all different in Python).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=General+Python+FAQ&amp;rft.atitle=Why+was+Python+created+in+the+first+place%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Ffaq%2Fgeneral.html%23why-was-python-created-in-the-first-place&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/lrm-11-03.html#11.3">"Ada 83 Reference Manual (raise statement)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191022155758/http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/lrm-11-03.html#11.3">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ada+83+Reference+Manual+%28raise+statement%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.adaic.com%2Fstandards%2F83lrm%2Fhtml%2Flrm-11-03.html%2311.3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-98-interview-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-98-interview_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-98-interview_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKuchling2006" class="citation web cs1">Kuchling, Andrew M. (22 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070501105422/http://www.amk.ca/python/writing/gvr-interview">"Interview with Guido van Rossum (July 1998)"</a>. <i>amk.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amk.ca/python/writing/gvr-interview">the original</a> on 1 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2012</span>. <q>I\'d spent a summer at DEC\'s Systems Research Center, which introduced me to Modula-2+; the Modula-3 final report was being written there at about the same time. What I learned there later showed up in Python\'s exception handling, modules, and the fact that methods explicitly contain \'self\' in their parameter list. String slicing came from Algol-68 and Icon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=amk.ca&amp;rft.atitle=Interview+with+Guido+van+Rossum+%28July+1998%29&amp;rft.date=2006-12-22&amp;rft.aulast=Kuchling&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amk.ca%2Fpython%2Fwriting%2Fgvr-interview&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-python.org-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-python.org_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-python.org_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-python.org_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html">"itertools \xe2\x80\x94 Functions creating iterators for efficient looping \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.7.1 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153629/https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>. <q>This module implements a number of iterator building blocks inspired by constructs from APL, Haskell, and SML.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=itertools+%E2%80%94+Functions+creating+iterators+for+efficient+looping+%E2%80%94+Python+3.7.1+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2Fitertools.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rossum1993" class="citation journal cs1">van Rossum, Guido (1993). "An Introduction to Python for UNIX/C Programmers". <i>Proceedings of the NLUUG Najaarsconferentie (Dutch UNIX Users Group)</i>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.38.2023">10.1.1.38.2023</a></span>. <q>even though the design of C is far from ideal, its influence on Python is considerable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+NLUUG+Najaarsconferentie+%28Dutch+UNIX+Users+Group%29&amp;rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Python+for+UNIX%2FC+Programmers&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.38.2023%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft.aulast=van+Rossum&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-classmix-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-classmix_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-classmix_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/tutorial/classes.html">"Classes"</a>. <i>The Python Tutorial</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030209/http://docs.python.org/tutorial/classes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>. <q>It is a mixture of the class mechanisms found in C++ and Modula-3</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Python+Tutorial&amp;rft.atitle=Classes&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Ftutorial%2Fclasses.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-effbot-call-by-object-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-effbot-call-by-object_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLundh" class="citation web cs1">Lundh, Fredrik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://effbot.org/zone/call-by-object.htm">"Call By Object"</a>. <i>effbot.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191123043655/http://effbot.org/zone/call-by-object.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2017</span>. <q>replace "CLU" with "Python", "record" with "instance", and "procedure" with "function or method", and you get a pretty accurate description of Python\'s object model.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=effbot.org&amp;rft.atitle=Call+By+Object&amp;rft.aulast=Lundh&amp;rft.aufirst=Fredrik&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feffbot.org%2Fzone%2Fcall-by-object.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSimionato" class="citation web cs1">Simionato, Michele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/">"The Python 2.3 Method Resolution Order"</a>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820231854/https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.3/mro/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2014</span>. <q>The C3 method itself has nothing to do with Python, since it was invented by people working on Dylan and it is described in a paper intended for lispers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Python+2.3+Method+Resolution+Order&amp;rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&amp;rft.aulast=Simionato&amp;rft.aufirst=Michele&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdownload%2Freleases%2F2.3%2Fmro%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-3_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKuchling" class="citation web cs1">Kuchling, A. M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/howto/functional.html">"Functional Programming HOWTO"</a>. <i>Python v2.7.2 documentation</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024163217/http://docs.python.org/howto/functional.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2012</span>. <q>List comprehensions and generator expressions [...] are a concise notation for such operations, borrowed from the functional programming language Haskell.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+v2.7.2+documentation&amp;rft.atitle=Functional+Programming+HOWTO&amp;rft.aulast=Kuchling&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Fhowto%2Ffunctional.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-4_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSchemenauerPetersHetland2001" class="citation web cs1">Schemenauer, Neil; Peters, Tim; Hetland, Magnus Lie (18 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0255/">"PEP 255&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Simple Generators"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605012926/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0255/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+255+%E2%80%93+Simple+Generators&amp;rft.date=2001-05-18&amp;rft.aulast=Schemenauer&amp;rft.aufirst=Neil&amp;rft.au=Peters%2C+Tim&amp;rft.au=Hetland%2C+Magnus+Lie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0255%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-6-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-6_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3.2/tutorial/controlflow.html">"More Control Flow Tools"</a>. <i>Python 3 documentation</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604080843/https://docs.python.org/3.2/tutorial/controlflow.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2015</span>. <q>By popular demand, a few features commonly found in functional programming languages like Lisp have been added to Python. With the lambda keyword, small anonymous functions can be created.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+3+documentation&amp;rft.atitle=More+Control+Flow+Tools&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3.2%2Ftutorial%2Fcontrolflow.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html">"re \xe2\x80\x94 Regular expression operations \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.10.6 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>This module provides regular expression matching operations similar to those found in Perl.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=re+%E2%80%94+Regular+expression+operations+%E2%80%94+Python+3.10.6+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2Fre.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coffeescript.org/">"CoffeeScript"</a>. <i>coffeescript.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612100004/http://coffeescript.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=coffeescript.org&amp;rft.atitle=CoffeeScript&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcoffeescript.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Projects/Genie">"The Genie Programming Language Tutorial"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601133216/https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Projects/Genie">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Genie+Programming+Language+Tutorial&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.gnome.org%2Faction%2Fshow%2FProjects%2FGenie&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2ality.com/2013/02/javascript-influences.html">"Perl and Python influences in JavaScript"</a>. <i>www.2ality.com</i>. 24 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141121/http://2ality.com/2013/02/javascript-influences.html%0A">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.2ality.com&amp;rft.atitle=Perl+and+Python+influences+in+JavaScript&amp;rft.date=2013-02-24&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2ality.com%2F2013%2F02%2Fjavascript-influences.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRauschmayer" class="citation web cs1">Rauschmayer, Axel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speakingjs.com/es5/ch03.html">"Chapter 3: The Nature of JavaScript; Influences"</a>. <i>O\'Reilly, Speaking JavaScript</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141123/http://speakingjs.com/es5/ch03.html%0A">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=O%27Reilly%2C+Speaking+JavaScript&amp;rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+The+Nature+of+JavaScript%3B+Influences&amp;rft.aulast=Rauschmayer&amp;rft.aufirst=Axel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeakingjs.com%2Fes5%2Fch03.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-Julia-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Julia_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Julia_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://julialang.org/blog/2012/02/why-we-created-julia">"Why We Created Julia"</a>. <i>Julia website</i>. February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502144010/https://julialang.org/blog/2012/02/why-we-created-julia/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>We want something as usable for general programming as Python [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Julia+website&amp;rft.atitle=Why+We+Created+Julia&amp;rft.date=2012-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjulialang.org%2Fblog%2F2012%2F02%2Fwhy-we-created-julia&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRing_Team2017" class="citation web cs1">Ring Team (4 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages">"Ring and other languages"</a>. <i>ring-lang.net</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ring-lang&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ring-lang (page does not exist)">ring-lang</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ring-lang.net&amp;rft.atitle=Ring+and+other+languages&amp;rft.date=2017-12-04&amp;rft.au=Ring+Team&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fring-lang.sourceforge.net%2Fdoc1.6%2Fintroduction.html%23ring-and-other-languages&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-bini-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bini_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBini2007" class="citation book cs1">Bini, Ola (2007). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon0000bini/page/3"><i>Practical JRuby on Rails Web 2.0 Projects: bringing Ruby on Rails to the Java platform</i></a></span>. Berkeley: APress. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/practicaljrubyon0000bini/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-881-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-881-8"><bdi>978-1-59059-881-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Practical+JRuby+on+Rails+Web+2.0+Projects%3A+bringing+Ruby+on+Rails+to+the+Java+platform&amp;rft.place=Berkeley&amp;rft.pages=3&amp;rft.pub=APress&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59059-881-8&amp;rft.aulast=Bini&amp;rft.aufirst=Ola&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpracticaljrubyon0000bini%2Fpage%2F3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-lattner2014-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lattner2014_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLattner2014" class="citation web cs1">Lattner, Chris (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nondot.org/sabre/">"Chris Lattner\'s Homepage"</a>. Chris Lattner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://nondot.org/sabre/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>The Swift language is the product of tireless effort from a team of language experts, documentation gurus, compiler optimization ninjas, and an incredibly important internal dogfooding group who provided feedback to help refine and battle-test ideas. Of course, it also greatly benefited from the experiences hard-won by many other languages in the field, drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chris+Lattner%27s+Homepage&amp;rft.pub=Chris+Lattner&amp;rft.date=2014-06-03&amp;rft.aulast=Lattner&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnondot.org%2Fsabre%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-7-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-7_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKuhlman" class="citation web cs1">Kuhlman, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623165941/http://cutter.rexx.com/~dkuhlman/python_book_01.html">"A Python Book: Beginning Python, Advanced Python, and Python Exercises"</a>. Section 1.1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davekuhlman.org/python_book_01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=A+Python+Book%3A+Beginning+Python%2C+Advanced+Python%2C+and+Python+Exercises&amp;rft.pages=Section+1.1&amp;rft.aulast=Kuhlman&amp;rft.aufirst=Dave&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davekuhlman.org%2Fpython_book_01.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-About-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-About_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/about">"About Python"</a>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420010049/http://www.python.org/about/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=About+Python&amp;rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fabout&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span>, second section "Fans of Python use the phrase "batteries included" to describe the standard library, which covers everything from asynchronous processing to zip files."</span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0206/">"PEP 206 \xe2\x80\x93 Python Advanced Library"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505003659/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0206/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+206+%E2%80%93+Python+Advanced+Library&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0206%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRossum2009" class="citation web cs1">Rossum, Guido Van (20 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html">"The History of Python: A Brief Timeline of Python"</a>. <i>The History of Python</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605032200/https://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Python&amp;rft.atitle=The+History+of+Python%3A+A+Brief+Timeline+of+Python&amp;rft.date=2009-01-20&amp;rft.aulast=Rossum&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido+Van&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpython-history.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fbrief-timeline-of-python.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2020" class="citation web cs1">Peterson, Benjamin (20 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2020/04/python-2718-last-release-of-python-2.html">"Python Insider: Python 2.7.18, the last release of Python 2"</a>. <i>Python Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426204118/https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2020/04/python-2718-last-release-of-python-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Insider&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Insider%3A+Python+2.7.18%2C+the+last+release+of+Python+2&amp;rft.date=2020-04-20&amp;rft.aulast=Peterson&amp;rft.aufirst=Benjamin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpythoninsider.blogspot.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fpython-2718-last-release-of-python-2.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/?utm_source=social-share&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_campaign=dev-survey-2022">"Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2022"</a>. <i>Stack Overflow</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Stack+Overflow&amp;rft.atitle=Stack+Overflow+Developer+Survey+2022&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsurvey.stackoverflow.co%2F2022%2F%3Futm_source%3Dsocial-share%26utm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_campaign%3Ddev-survey-2022&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jetbrains.com/lp/devecosystem-2020/">"The State of Developer Ecosystem in 2020 Infographic"</a>. <i>JetBrains: Developer Tools for Professionals and Teams</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301062411/https://www.jetbrains.com/lp/devecosystem-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=JetBrains%3A+Developer+Tools+for+Professionals+and+Teams&amp;rft.atitle=The+State+of+Developer+Ecosystem+in+2020+Infographic&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetbrains.com%2Flp%2Fdevecosystem-2020%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-tiobecurrent-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tiobecurrent_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tiobecurrent_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/">"TIOBE Index"</a>. TIOBE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>. <q>The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=TIOBE+Index&amp;rft.pub=TIOBE&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiobe.com%2Ftiobe-index%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span> Updated as required.</span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pypl.github.io/PYPL.html">"PYPL PopularitY of Programming Language index"</a>. <i>pypl.github.io</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314232030/https://pypl.github.io/PYPL.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=pypl.github.io&amp;rft.atitle=PYPL+PopularitY+of+Programming+Language+index&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpypl.github.io%2FPYPL.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-venners-interview-pt-1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-venners-interview-pt-1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-venners-interview-pt-1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFVenners2003" class="citation web cs1">Venners, Bill (13 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artima.com/intv/pythonP.html">"The Making of Python"</a>. <i>Artima Developer</i>. Artima. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901183332/http://www.artima.com/intv/pythonP.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Artima+Developer&amp;rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Python&amp;rft.date=2003-01-13&amp;rft.aulast=Venners&amp;rft.aufirst=Bill&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artima.com%2Fintv%2FpythonP.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-12-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-12_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rossum2000" class="citation mailinglist cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">van Rossum, Guido</a> (29 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2000-August/008881.html">"SETL (was: Lukewarm about range literals)"</a>. <i>Python-Dev</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714064019/https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2000-August/008881.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=SETL+%28was%3A+Lukewarm+about+range+literals%29&amp;rft.date=2000-08-29&amp;rft.aulast=van+Rossum&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmail.python.org%2Fpipermail%2Fpython-dev%2F2000-August%2F008881.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-timeline-of-python-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timeline-of-python_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rossum2009" class="citation web cs1">van Rossum, Guido (20 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html">"A Brief Timeline of Python"</a>. <i>The History of Python</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605032200/https://python-history.blogspot.com/2009/01/brief-timeline-of-python.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Python&amp;rft.atitle=A+Brief+Timeline+of+Python&amp;rft.date=2009-01-20&amp;rft.aulast=van+Rossum&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpython-history.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F01%2Fbrief-timeline-of-python.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-lj-bdfl-resignation-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lj-bdfl-resignation_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFFairchild2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Fairchild, Carlie (12 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/guido-van-rossum-stepping-down-role-pythons-benevolent-dictator-life">"Guido van Rossum Stepping Down from Role as Python\'s Benevolent Dictator For Life"</a>. <i>Linux Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713192427/https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/guido-van-rossum-stepping-down-role-pythons-benevolent-dictator-life">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Linux+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Guido+van+Rossum+Stepping+Down+from+Role+as+Python%27s+Benevolent+Dictator+For+Life&amp;rft.date=2018-07-12&amp;rft.aulast=Fairchild&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxjournal.com%2Fcontent%2Fguido-van-rossum-stepping-down-role-pythons-benevolent-dictator-life&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-8100/">"PEP 8100"</a>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604235027/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-8100/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=PEP+8100&amp;rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-8100%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0013/">"PEP 13 \xe2\x80\x93 Python Language Governance"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527000035/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0013/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+13+%E2%80%93+Python+Language+Governance&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0013%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-newin-2.0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newin-2.0_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKuchlingZadka2000" class="citation web cs1">Kuchling, A. M.; Zadka, Moshe (16 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/whatsnew/2.0.html">"What\'s New in Python 2.0"</a>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023112045/http://docs.python.org/whatsnew/2.0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What%27s+New+in+Python+2.0&amp;rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&amp;rft.date=2000-10-16&amp;rft.aulast=Kuchling&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+M.&amp;rft.au=Zadka%2C+Moshe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Fwhatsnew%2F2.0.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-pep-3000-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pep-3000_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rossum2006" class="citation web cs1">van Rossum, Guido (5 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231513/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3000/">"PEP 3000&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Python 3000"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3000/">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+3000+%E2%80%93+Python+3000&amp;rft.date=2006-04-05&amp;rft.aulast=van+Rossum&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-3000%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/2to3.html">"2to3 \xe2\x80\x93 Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604232823/https://docs.python.org/3/library/2to3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=2to3+%E2%80%93+Automated+Python+2+to+3+code+translation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2F2to3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0373/">"PEP 373 \xe2\x80\x93 Python 2.7 Release Schedule"</a>. <i>python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519075520/https://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0373/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+373+%E2%80%93+Python+2.7+Release+Schedule&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegacy.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0373%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0466/">"PEP 466 \xe2\x80\x93 Network Security Enhancements for Python 2.7.x"</a>. <i>python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604232833/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0466/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+466+%E2%80%93+Network+Security+Enhancements+for+Python+2.7.x&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0466%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/doc/sunset-python-2/">"Sunsetting Python 2"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112080903/https://www.python.org/doc/sunset-python-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Sunsetting+Python+2&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdoc%2Fsunset-python-2%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0373/">"PEP 373 \xe2\x80\x93 Python 2.7 Release Schedule"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113033257/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0373/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+373+%E2%80%93+Python+2.7+Release+Schedule&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0373%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLanga2021" class="citation web cs1">Langa, \xc5\x81ukasz (19 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2021/02/python-392-and-388-are-now-available.html">"Python Insider: Python 3.9.2 and 3.8.8 are now available"</a>. <i>Python Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225043834/https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2021/02/python-392-and-388-are-now-available.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Insider&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Insider%3A+Python+3.9.2+and+3.8.8+are+now+available&amp;rft.date=2021-02-19&amp;rft.aulast=Langa&amp;rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpythoninsider.blogspot.com%2F2021%2F02%2Fpython-392-and-388-are-now-available.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2021-3177">"Red Hat Customer Portal \xe2\x80\x93 Access to 24x7 support and knowledge"</a>. <i>access.redhat.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306183700/https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2021-3177">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=access.redhat.com&amp;rft.atitle=Red+Hat+Customer+Portal+%E2%80%93+Access+to+24x7+support+and+knowledge&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccess.redhat.com%2Fsecurity%2Fcve%2Fcve-2021-3177&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-3177">"CVE \xe2\x80\x93 CVE-2021-3177"</a>. <i>cve.mitre.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227192918/https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-3177">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=cve.mitre.org&amp;rft.atitle=CVE+%E2%80%93+CVE-2021-3177&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcve.mitre.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcvename.cgi%3Fname%3DCVE-2021-3177&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-23336">"CVE \xe2\x80\x93 CVE-2021-23336"</a>. <i>cve.mitre.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224160700/https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-23336">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=cve.mitre.org&amp;rft.atitle=CVE+%E2%80%93+CVE-2021-23336&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcve.mitre.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcvename.cgi%3Fname%3DCVE-2021-23336&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLanga2022" class="citation web cs1">Langa, \xc5\x81ukasz (24 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2022/03/python-3104-and-3912-are-now-available.html">"Python Insider: Python 3.10.4 and 3.9.12 are now available out of schedule"</a>. <i>Python Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Insider&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Insider%3A+Python+3.10.4+and+3.9.12+are+now+available+out+of+schedule&amp;rft.date=2022-03-24&amp;rft.aulast=Langa&amp;rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpythoninsider.blogspot.com%2F2022%2F03%2Fpython-3104-and-3912-are-now-available.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLanga2022" class="citation web cs1">Langa, \xc5\x81ukasz (16 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2022/03/python-3103-3911-3813-and-3713-are-now.html">"Python Insider: Python 3.10.3, 3.9.11, 3.8.13, and 3.7.13 are now available with security content"</a>. <i>Python Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Insider&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Insider%3A+Python+3.10.3%2C+3.9.11%2C+3.8.13%2C+and+3.7.13+are+now+available+with+security+content&amp;rft.date=2022-03-16&amp;rft.aulast=Langa&amp;rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpythoninsider.blogspot.com%2F2022%2F03%2Fpython-3103-3911-3813-and-3713-are-now.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLanga2022" class="citation web cs1">Langa, \xc5\x81ukasz (17 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2022/05/python-3913-is-now-available.html">"Python Insider: Python 3.9.13 is now available"</a>. <i>Python Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Insider&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Insider%3A+Python+3.9.13+is+now+available&amp;rft.date=2022-05-17&amp;rft.aulast=Langa&amp;rft.aufirst=%C5%81ukasz&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpythoninsider.blogspot.com%2F2022%2F05%2Fpython-3913-is-now-available.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pythoninsider.blogspot.com/2022/09/python-releases-3107-3914-3814-and-3714.html">"Python Insider: Python releases 3.10.7, 3.9.14, 3.8.14, and 3.7.14 are now available"</a>. <i>pythoninsider.blogspot.com</i>. 7 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=pythoninsider.blogspot.com&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Insider%3A+Python+releases+3.10.7%2C+3.9.14%2C+3.8.14%2C+and+3.7.14+are+now+available&amp;rft.date=2022-09-07&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpythoninsider.blogspot.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fpython-releases-3107-3914-3814-and-3714.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2020-10735">"CVE - CVE-2020-10735"</a>. <i>cve.mitre.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=cve.mitre.org&amp;rft.atitle=CVE+-+CVE-2020-10735&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcve.mitre.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcvename.cgi%3Fname%3DCVE-2020-10735&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFcorbet2022" class="citation web cs1">corbet (24 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/912216/">"Python 3.11 released &#91;LWN.net&#93;"</a>. <i>lwn.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=lwn.net&amp;rft.atitle=Python+3.11+released+%5BLWN.net%5D&amp;rft.date=2022-10-24&amp;rft.au=corbet&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F912216%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-13-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-13_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFThe_Cain_Gang_Ltd." class="citation web cs1">The Cain Gang Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090530030205/http://www.python.org/community/pycon/dc2004/papers/24/metaclasses-pycon.pdf">"Python Metaclasses: Who? Why? When?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/community/pycon/dc2004/papers/24/metaclasses-pycon.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Python+Metaclasses%3A+Who%3F+Why%3F+When%3F&amp;rft.au=The+Cain+Gang+Ltd.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fcommunity%2Fpycon%2Fdc2004%2Fpapers%2F24%2Fmetaclasses-pycon.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-14-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-14_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3.0/reference/datamodel.html#special-method-names">"3.3. Special method names"</a>. <i>The Python Language Reference</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123146/https://docs.python.org/3.0/reference/datamodel.html#special-method-names">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Python+Language+Reference&amp;rft.atitle=3.3.+Special+method+names&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3.0%2Freference%2Fdatamodel.html%23special-method-names&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-15-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-15_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nongnu.org/pydbc/">"PyDBC: method preconditions, method postconditions and class invariants for Python"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191123231931/http://www.nongnu.org/pydbc/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=PyDBC%3A+method+preconditions%2C+method+postconditions+and+class+invariants+for+Python&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nongnu.org%2Fpydbc%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-16-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-16_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wayforward.net/pycontract/">"Contracts for Python"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615173404/http://www.wayforward.net/pycontract/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Contracts+for+Python&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wayforward.net%2Fpycontract%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-17-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-17_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/pydatalog/">"PyDatalog"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613160231/https://sites.google.com/site/pydatalog/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=PyDatalog&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fpydatalog%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-Reference_counting-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reference_counting_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/extending/extending.html#reference-counts">"Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter: Reference Counts"</a>. Docs.python.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121018063230/http://docs.python.org/extending/extending.html#reference-counts">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Since Python makes heavy use of <code>malloc()</code> and <code>free()</code>, it needs a strategy to avoid memory leaks as well as the use of freed memory. The chosen method is called <i>reference counting</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Extending+and+Embedding+the+Python+Interpreter%3A+Reference+Counts&amp;rft.pub=Docs.python.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Fextending%2Fextending.html%23reference-counts&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-59-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-59_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-59_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHettinger2002" class="citation web cs1">Hettinger, Raymond (30 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0289/">"PEP 289&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Generator Expressions"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153717/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0289/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+289+%E2%80%93+Generator+Expressions&amp;rft.date=2002-01-30&amp;rft.aulast=Hettinger&amp;rft.aufirst=Raymond&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0289%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-18-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-18_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html">"6.5 itertools&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Functions creating iterators for efficient looping"</a>. Docs.python.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614153629/https://docs.python.org/3/library/itertools.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=6.5+itertools+%E2%80%93+Functions+creating+iterators+for+efficient+looping&amp;rft.pub=Docs.python.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2Fitertools.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-PEP20-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PEP20_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PEP20_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFPeters2004" class="citation web cs1">Peters, Tim (19 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/">"PEP 20&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 The Zen of Python"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226141127/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+20+%E2%80%93+The+Zen+of+Python&amp;rft.date=2004-08-19&amp;rft.aulast=Peters&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0020%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-19-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-19_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFMartelliRavenscroftAscher2005" class="citation book cs1">Martelli, Alex; Ravenscroft, Anna; Ascher, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596007973.do"><i>Python Cookbook, 2nd Edition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O&#39;Reilly Media">O\'Reilly Media</a>. p.&#160;230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00797-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-00797-3"><bdi>978-0-596-00797-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223171254/http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596007973.do">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Python+Cookbook%2C+2nd+Edition&amp;rft.pages=230&amp;rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-596-00797-3&amp;rft.aulast=Martelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Alex&amp;rft.au=Ravenscroft%2C+Anna&amp;rft.au=Ascher%2C+David&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshop.oreilly.com%2Fproduct%2F9780596007973.do&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-20-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-20_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140130021902/http://ebeab.com/2014/01/21/python-culture/">"Python Culture"</a>. <i>ebeab</i>. 21 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebeab.com/2014/01/21/python-culture/">the original</a> on 30 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ebeab&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Culture&amp;rft.date=2014-01-21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febeab.com%2F2014%2F01%2F21%2Fpython-culture%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-whyname-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whyname_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html#why-is-it-called-python">"Why is it called Python?"</a>. <i>General Python FAQ</i>. Docs.python.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164224/http://docs.python.org/faq/general.html#why-is-it-called-python">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=General+Python+FAQ&amp;rft.atitle=Why+is+it+called+Python%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Ffaq%2Fgeneral.html%23why-is-it-called-python&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511065650/http://insidetech.monster.com/training/articles/8114-15-ways-python-is-a-powerful-force-on-the-web">"15 Ways Python Is a Powerful Force on the Web"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insidetech.monster.com/training/articles/8114-15-ways-python-is-a-powerful-force-on-the-web">the original</a> on 11 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=15+Ways+Python+Is+a+Powerful+Force+on+the+Web&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsidetech.monster.com%2Ftraining%2Farticles%2F8114-15-ways-python-is-a-powerful-force-on-the-web&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/pprint.html">"pprint \xe2\x80\x94 Data pretty printer \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.11.0 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122224848/https://docs.python.org/3/library/pprint.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>stuff = [\'spam\', \'eggs\', \'lumberjack\', \'knights\', \'ni\']</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=pprint+%E2%80%94+Data+pretty+printer+%E2%80%94+Python+3.11.0+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2Fpprint.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFClark2019" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Robert (26 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-be-pythonic-and-why-you-should-care-188d63a5037e">"How to be Pythonic and why you should care"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813194313/https://towardsdatascience.com/how-to-be-pythonic-and-why-you-should-care-188d63a5037e?gi=dd6bc15118b3">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Medium&amp;rft.atitle=How+to+be+Pythonic+and+why+you+should+care&amp;rft.date=2019-04-26&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftowardsdatascience.com%2Fhow-to-be-pythonic-and-why-you-should-care-188d63a5037e&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python-guide.org/writing/style">"Code Style \xe2\x80\x94 The Hitchhiker\'s Guide to Python"</a>. <i>docs.python-guide.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127154341/https://docs.python-guide.org/writing/style/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python-guide.org&amp;rft.atitle=Code+Style+%E2%80%94+The+Hitchhiker%27s+Guide+to+Python&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python-guide.org%2Fwriting%2Fstyle&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-52-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-52_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/faq/general.html#is-python-a-good-language-for-beginning-programmers">"Is Python a good language for beginning programmers?"</a>. <i>General Python FAQ</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164224/http://docs.python.org/faq/general.html#is-python-a-good-language-for-beginning-programmers">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=General+Python+FAQ&amp;rft.atitle=Is+Python+a+good+language+for+beginning+programmers%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Ffaq%2Fgeneral.html%23is-python-a-good-language-for-beginning-programmers&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-53-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-53_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218162410/http://www.secnetix.de/~olli/Python/block_indentation.hawk">"Myths about indentation in Python"</a>. Secnetix.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secnetix.de/~olli/Python/block_indentation.hawk">the original</a> on 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Myths+about+indentation+in+Python&amp;rft.pub=Secnetix.de&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.secnetix.de%2F~olli%2FPython%2Fblock_indentation.hawk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-guttag-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guttag_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGuttag2016" class="citation book cs1">Guttag, John V. (12 August 2016). <i>Introduction to Computation and Programming Using Python: With Application to Understanding Data</i>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52962-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52962-4"><bdi>978-0-262-52962-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Computation+and+Programming+Using+Python%3A+With+Application+to+Understanding+Data&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft.date=2016-08-12&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-52962-4&amp;rft.aulast=Guttag&amp;rft.aufirst=John+V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/">"PEP 8 \xe2\x80\x93 Style Guide for Python Code"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417223549/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+8+%E2%80%93+Style+Guide+for+Python+Code&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0008%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3.11/tutorial/errors.html">"8. Errors and Exceptions \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.12.0a0 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=8.+Errors+and+Exceptions+%E2%80%94+Python+3.12.0a0+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3.11%2Ftutorial%2Ferrors.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.5/highlights/">"Highlights: Python 2.5"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190804120408/https://www.python.org/download/releases/2.5/highlights/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Highlights%3A+Python+2.5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdownload%2Freleases%2F2.5%2Fhighlights%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-55-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-55_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rossum2009" class="citation web cs1">van Rossum, Guido (22 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neopythonic.blogspot.be/2009/04/tail-recursion-elimination.html">"Tail Recursion Elimination"</a>. Neopythonic.blogspot.be. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519225253/http://neopythonic.blogspot.be/2009/04/tail-recursion-elimination.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tail+Recursion+Elimination&amp;rft.pub=Neopythonic.blogspot.be&amp;rft.date=2009-04-22&amp;rft.aulast=van+Rossum&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneopythonic.blogspot.be%2F2009%2F04%2Ftail-recursion-elimination.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-56-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-56_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rossum2006" class="citation web cs1">van Rossum, Guido (9 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=147358">"Language Design Is Not Just Solving Puzzles"</a>. <i>Artima forums</i>. Artima. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200117182525/https://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=147358">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Artima+forums&amp;rft.atitle=Language+Design+Is+Not+Just+Solving+Puzzles&amp;rft.date=2006-02-09&amp;rft.aulast=van+Rossum&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artima.com%2Fweblogs%2Fviewpost.jsp%3Fthread%3D147358&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-57-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-57_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_RossumEby2005" class="citation web cs1">van Rossum, Guido; Eby, Phillip J. (10 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0342/">"PEP 342&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Coroutines via Enhanced Generators"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529003739/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0342/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+342+%E2%80%93+Coroutines+via+Enhanced+Generators&amp;rft.date=2005-05-10&amp;rft.aulast=van+Rossum&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido&amp;rft.au=Eby%2C+Phillip+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0342%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-58-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-58_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0380/">"PEP 380"</a>. Python.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604233821/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0380/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=PEP+380&amp;rft.pub=Python.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0380%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org">"division"</a>. <i>python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720033244/http://docs.python.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=python.org&amp;rft.atitle=division&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-PEP465-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PEP465_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465/">"PEP 0465 \xe2\x80\x93 A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication"</a>. <i>python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604224255/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+0465+%E2%80%93+A+dedicated+infix+operator+for+matrix+multiplication&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0465%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-Python3.5Changelog-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Python3.5Changelog_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-351/">"Python 3.5.1 Release and Changelog"</a>. <i>python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200514034938/https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-351/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Python+3.5.1+Release+and+Changelog&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdownloads%2Frelease%2Fpython-351%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-Python3.8Changelog-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Python3.8Changelog_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3.8/whatsnew/3.8.html">"What\'s New in Python 3.8"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608124345/https://docs.python.org/3.8/whatsnew/3.8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What%27s+New+in+Python+3.8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3.8%2Fwhatsnew%2F3.8.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-60-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-60_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_RossumHettinger2003" class="citation web cs1">van Rossum, Guido; Hettinger, Raymond (7 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0308/">"PEP 308&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Conditional Expressions"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313113147/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0308/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+308+%E2%80%93+Conditional+Expressions&amp;rft.date=2003-02-07&amp;rft.aulast=van+Rossum&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido&amp;rft.au=Hettinger%2C+Raymond&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0308%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#tuple">"4. Built-in Types \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.6.3rc1 documentation"</a>. <i>python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614194325/https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#tuple">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=python.org&amp;rft.atitle=4.+Built-in+Types+%E2%80%94+Python+3.6.3rc1+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2Fstdtypes.html%23tuple&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">"5.3. Tuples and Sequences \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.7.1rc2 documentation"</a>. <i>python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610050047/https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#tuples-and-sequences">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=python.org&amp;rft.atitle=5.3.+Tuples+and+Sequences+%E2%80%94+Python+3.7.1rc2+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Ftutorial%2Fdatastructures.html%23tuples-and-sequences&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-pep-0498-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pep-0498_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pep-0498_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498/">"PEP 498 \xe2\x80\x93 Literal String Interpolation"</a>. <i>python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615184141/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0498/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+498+%E2%80%93+Literal+String+Interpolation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0498%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-61-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-61_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/faq/design.html#why-must-self-be-used-explicitly-in-method-definitions-and-calls">"Why must \'self\' be used explicitly in method definitions and calls?"</a>. <i>Design and History FAQ</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024164243/http://docs.python.org/faq/design.html#why-must-self-be-used-explicitly-in-method-definitions-and-calls">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Design+and+History+FAQ&amp;rft.atitle=Why+must+%27self%27+be+used+explicitly+in+method+definitions+and+calls%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Ffaq%2Fdesign.html%23why-must-self-be-used-explicitly-in-method-definitions-and-calls&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSweigart2020" class="citation book cs1">Sweigart, Al (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7GUKEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA322"><i>Beyond the Basic Stuff with Python: Best Practices for Writing Clean Code</i></a>. No Starch Press. p.&#160;322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-966-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-966-0"><bdi>978-1-59327-966-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813194312/https://books.google.com/books?id=7GUKEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA322">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Basic+Stuff+with+Python%3A+Best+Practices+for+Writing+Clean+Code&amp;rft.pages=322&amp;rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59327-966-0&amp;rft.aulast=Sweigart&amp;rft.aufirst=Al&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7GUKEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA322&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-classy-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-classy_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026063834/http://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#new-style-and-classic-classes">"The Python Language Reference, section 3.3. New-style and classic classes, for release 2.7.1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/reference/datamodel.html#new-style-and-classic-classes">the original</a> on 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Python+Language+Reference%2C+section+3.3.+New-style+and+classic+classes%2C+for+release+2.7.1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Freference%2Fdatamodel.html%23new-style-and-classic-classes&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/627418/">"Type hinting for Python"</a>. LWN.net. 24 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620000057/https://lwn.net/Articles/627418/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Type+hinting+for+Python&amp;rft.pub=LWN.net&amp;rft.date=2014-12-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F627418%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mypy-lang.org/">"mypy \xe2\x80\x93 Optional Static Typing for Python"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606192012/http://mypy-lang.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=mypy+%E2%80%93+Optional+Static+Typing+for+Python&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmypy-lang.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3.8/tutorial/floatingpoint.html#representation-error">"15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.8.3 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606113842/https://docs.python.org/3.8/tutorial/floatingpoint.html#representation-error">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Almost all machines today (November 2000) use IEEE-754 floating point arithmetic, and almost all platforms map Python floats to IEEE-754 "double precision".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=15.+Floating+Point+Arithmetic%3A+Issues+and+Limitations+%E2%80%94+Python+3.8.3+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3.8%2Ftutorial%2Ffloatingpoint.html%23representation-error&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-pep0237-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pep0237_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFZadkavan_Rossum2001" class="citation web cs1">Zadka, Moshe; van Rossum, Guido (11 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0237/">"PEP 237&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Unifying Long Integers and Integers"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528063237/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0237/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+237+%E2%80%93+Unifying+Long+Integers+and+Integers&amp;rft.date=2001-03-11&amp;rft.aulast=Zadka&amp;rft.aufirst=Moshe&amp;rft.au=van+Rossum%2C+Guido&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0237%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq-range">"Built-in Types"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614194325/https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq-range">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Built-in+Types&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2Fstdtypes.html%23typesseq-range&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465/">"PEP 465 \xe2\x80\x93 A dedicated infix operator for matrix multiplication"</a>. <i>python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529200310/https://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0465/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+465+%E2%80%93+A+dedicated+infix+operator+for+matrix+multiplication&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegacy.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0465%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-pep0238-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pep0238_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pep0238_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFZadkavan_Rossum2001" class="citation web cs1">Zadka, Moshe; van Rossum, Guido (11 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0238/">"PEP 238&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Changing the Division Operator"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528115550/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0238/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+238+%E2%80%93+Changing+the+Division+Operator&amp;rft.date=2001-03-11&amp;rft.aulast=Zadka&amp;rft.aufirst=Moshe&amp;rft.au=van+Rossum%2C+Guido&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0238%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-62-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-62_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://python-history.blogspot.com/2010/08/why-pythons-integer-division-floors.html">"Why Python\'s Integer Division Floors"</a>. 24 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605151500/https://python-history.blogspot.com/2010/08/why-pythons-integer-division-floors.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Why+Python%27s+Integer+Division+Floors&amp;rft.date=2010-08-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpython-history.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F08%2Fwhy-pythons-integer-division-floors.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-64-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-64_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/py3k/library/functions.html#round">"round"</a>, <i>The Python standard library, release 3.2, \xc2\xa72: Built-in functions</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025141808/http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/functions.html#round">archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Python+standard+library%2C+release+3.2%2C+%C2%A72%3A+Built-in+functions&amp;rft.atitle=round&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Fpy3k%2Flibrary%2Ffunctions.html%23round&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-63-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-63_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#round">"round"</a>, <i>The Python standard library, release 2.7, \xc2\xa72: Built-in functions</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027081602/http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#round">archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Python+standard+library%2C+release+2.7%2C+%C2%A72%3A+Built-in+functions&amp;rft.atitle=round&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Flibrary%2Ffunctions.html%23round&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-65-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-65_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBeazley2009" class="citation book cs1">Beazley, David M. (2009). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pythonessentialr00beaz_036"><i>Python Essential Reference</i></a></span> (4th&#160;ed.). p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pythonessentialr00beaz_036/page/n90">66</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780672329784" title="Special:BookSources/9780672329784"><bdi>9780672329784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Python+Essential+Reference&amp;rft.pages=66&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9780672329784&amp;rft.aulast=Beazley&amp;rft.aufirst=David+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpythonessentialr00beaz_036&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-CPL-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CPL_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKernighanRitchie1988" class="citation book cs1">Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1988). <a href="/wiki/The_C_Programming_Language" title="The C Programming Language"><i>The C Programming Language</i></a> (2nd&#160;ed.). p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cprogramminglang00bria/page/206">206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+C+Programming+Language&amp;rft.pages=206&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.aulast=Kernighan&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&amp;rft.au=Ritchie%2C+Dennis+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBatista" class="citation web cs1">Batista, Facundo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0327/">"PEP 0327 \xe2\x80\x93 Decimal Data Type"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604234830/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0327/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+0327+%E2%80%93+Decimal+Data+Type&amp;rft.aulast=Batista&amp;rft.aufirst=Facundo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0327%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/2.6/whatsnew/2.6.html">"What\'s New in Python 2.6 \xe2\x80\x94 Python v2.6.9 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223213856/https://docs.python.org/2.6/whatsnew/2.6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=What%27s+New+in+Python+2.6+%E2%80%94+Python+v2.6.9+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F2.6%2Fwhatsnew%2F2.6.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531211840/https://www.stat.washington.edu/~hoytak/blog/whypython.html">"10 Reasons Python Rocks for Research (And a Few Reasons it Doesn\'t) \xe2\x80\x93 Hoyt Koepke"</a>. <i>www.stat.washington.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.washington.edu/~hoytak/blog/whypython.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.stat.washington.edu&amp;rft.atitle=10+Reasons+Python+Rocks+for+Research+%28And+a+Few+Reasons+it+Doesn%27t%29+%E2%80%93+Hoyt+Koepke&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.washington.edu%2F~hoytak%2Fblog%2Fwhypython.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFShell2014" class="citation web cs1">Shell, Scott (17 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.ucsb.edu/~shell/che210d/python.pdf">"An introduction to Python for scientific computing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204014642/https://engineering.ucsb.edu/~shell/che210d/python.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Python+for+scientific+computing&amp;rft.date=2014-06-17&amp;rft.aulast=Shell&amp;rft.aufirst=Scott&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengineering.ucsb.edu%2F~shell%2Fche210d%2Fpython.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-86-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-86_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFPiotrowski2006" class="citation web cs1">Piotrowski, Przemyslaw (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/piotrowski-pythoncore-084049.html">"Build a Rapid Web Development Environment for Python Server Pages and Oracle"</a>. <i>Oracle Technology Network</i>. Oracle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402124435/https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/piotrowski-pythoncore-084049.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Oracle+Technology+Network&amp;rft.atitle=Build+a+Rapid+Web+Development+Environment+for+Python+Server+Pages+and+Oracle&amp;rft.date=2006-07&amp;rft.aulast=Piotrowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Przemyslaw&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oracle.com%2Ftechnetwork%2Farticles%2Fpiotrowski-pythoncore-084049.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-88-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-88_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBatista2003" class="citation web cs1">Batista, Facundo (17 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0327/">"PEP 327&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Decimal Data Type"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604234830/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0327/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+327+%E2%80%93+Decimal+Data+Type&amp;rft.date=2003-10-17&amp;rft.aulast=Batista&amp;rft.aufirst=Facundo&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0327%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-89-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-89_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFEby2003" class="citation web cs1">Eby, Phillip J. (7 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/">"PEP 333&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614170344/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+333+%E2%80%93+Python+Web+Server+Gateway+Interface+v1.0&amp;rft.date=2003-12-07&amp;rft.aulast=Eby&amp;rft.aufirst=Phillip+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0333%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-Modulecounts_2022-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Modulecounts_2022_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modulecounts.com/">"Modulecounts"</a>. <i>Modulecounts</i>. 14 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220626171519/http://www.modulecounts.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Modulecounts&amp;rft.atitle=Modulecounts&amp;rft.date=2022-11-14&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modulecounts.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFEnthought" class="citation web cs1">Enthought, Canopy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715151703/https://www.enthought.com/products/canopy/">"Canopy"</a>. <i>www.enthought.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enthought.com/products/canopy/">the original</a> on 15 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.enthought.com&amp;rft.atitle=Canopy&amp;rft.aulast=Enthought&amp;rft.aufirst=Canopy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enthought.com%2Fproducts%2Fcanopy%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peps.python.org/pep-0007/">"PEP 7 \xe2\x80\x93 Style Guide for C Code | peps.python.org"</a>. <i>peps.python.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=peps.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+7+%E2%80%93+Style+Guide+for+C+Code+%7C+peps.python.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeps.python.org%2Fpep-0007%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/thread/PLXETSQE7PRFXBXN2QY6VNPKUTM6I7OD/">"Mailman 3 Why aren\'t we allowing the use of C11? - Python-Dev - python.org"</a>. <i>mail.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414203313/https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/thread/PLXETSQE7PRFXBXN2QY6VNPKUTM6I7OD/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=mail.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Mailman+3+Why+aren%27t+we+allowing+the+use+of+C11%3F+-+Python-Dev+-+python.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmail.python.org%2Farchives%2Flist%2Fpython-dev%40python.org%2Fthread%2FPLXETSQE7PRFXBXN2QY6VNPKUTM6I7OD%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugs.python.org/issue35473">"Issue 35473: Intel compiler (icc) does not fully support C11 Features, including atomics \xe2\x80\x93 Python tracker"</a>. <i>bugs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414203314/https://bugs.python.org/issue35473">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=bugs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Issue+35473%3A+Intel+compiler+%28icc%29+does+not+fully+support+C11+Features%2C+including+atomics+%E2%80%93+Python+tracker&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbugs.python.org%2Fissue35473&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/extending/building.html">"4. Building C and C++ Extensions \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.9.2 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303002519/https://docs.python.org/3/extending/building.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=4.+Building+C+and+C%2B%2B+Extensions+%E2%80%94+Python+3.9.2+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Fextending%2Fbuilding.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-66-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-66_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFvan_Rossum2001" class="citation web cs1">van Rossum, Guido (5 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0007/">"PEP 7&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Style Guide for C Code"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601203908/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0007/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+7+%E2%80%93+Style+Guide+for+C+Code&amp;rft.date=2001-06-05&amp;rft.aulast=van+Rossum&amp;rft.aufirst=Guido&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0007%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-67-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-67_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/dis.html#python-bytecode-instructions">"CPython byte code"</a>. Docs.python.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605151542/https://docs.python.org/3/library/dis.html#python-bytecode-instructions">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=CPython+byte+code&amp;rft.pub=Docs.python.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Flibrary%2Fdis.html%23python-bytecode-instructions&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-68-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-68_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.troeger.eu/teaching/pythonvm08.pdf">"Python 2.5 internals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806094951/http://www.troeger.eu/teaching/pythonvm08.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Python+2.5+internals&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.troeger.eu%2Fteaching%2Fpythonvm08.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/release/3.9.0/whatsnew/changelog.html#changelog">"Changelog \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.9.0 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207001142/https://docs.python.org/release/3.9.0/whatsnew/changelog.html#changelog">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Changelog+%E2%80%94+Python+3.9.0+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Frelease%2F3.9.0%2Fwhatsnew%2Fchangelog.html%23changelog&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-391">"Download Python"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208045225/https://www.python.org/downloads/release/python-391/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Download+Python&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdownloads%2Frelease%2Fpython-391&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vmspython.org/doku.php?id=history">"history &#91;vmspython&#93;"</a>. <i>www.vmspython.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202194743/https://www.vmspython.org/doku.php?id=history">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.vmspython.org&amp;rft.atitle=history+%5Bvmspython%5D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmspython.org%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dhistory&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-69-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-69_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreilly.com/pub/a/oreilly/frank/rossum_1099.html">"An Interview with Guido van Rossum"</a>. Oreilly.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716222652/http://oreilly.com/pub/a/oreilly/frank/rossum_1099.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+Guido+van+Rossum&amp;rft.pub=Oreilly.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreilly.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Foreilly%2Ffrank%2Frossum_1099.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/download/other/">"Download Python for Other Platforms"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127015815/https://www.python.org/download/other/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Download+Python+for+Other+Platforms&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdownload%2Fother%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-70-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-70_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pypy.org/compat.html">"PyPy compatibility"</a>. Pypy.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606041845/https://www.pypy.org/compat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=PyPy+compatibility&amp;rft.pub=Pypy.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpypy.org%2Fcompat.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFTeam2019" class="citation web cs1">Team, The PyPy (28 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pypy.org/download.html">"Download and Install"</a>. <i>PyPy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=PyPy&amp;rft.atitle=Download+and+Install&amp;rft.date=2019-12-28&amp;rft.aulast=Team&amp;rft.aufirst=The+PyPy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pypy.org%2Fdownload.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-71-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-71_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speed.pypy.org/">"speed comparison between CPython and Pypy"</a>. Speed.pypy.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510014902/https://speed.pypy.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=speed+comparison+between+CPython+and+Pypy&amp;rft.pub=Speed.pypy.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspeed.pypy.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-73-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-73_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.pypy.org/en/latest/stackless.html">"Application-level Stackless features \xe2\x80\x94 PyPy 2.0.2 documentation"</a>. Doc.pypy.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604231513/https://doc.pypy.org/en/latest/stackless.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Application-level+Stackless+features+%E2%80%94+PyPy+2.0.2+documentation&amp;rft.pub=Doc.pypy.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.pypy.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fstackless.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.lego.com/en-us/support/mindstorms-ev3/python-for-ev3">"Python-for-EV3"</a>. <i>LEGO Education</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607234814/https://education.lego.com/en-us/support/mindstorms-ev3/python-for-ev3">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=LEGO+Education&amp;rft.atitle=Python-for-EV3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.lego.com%2Fen-us%2Fsupport%2Fmindstorms-ev3%2Fpython-for-ev3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFYegulalp2020" class="citation news cs1">Yegulalp, Serdar (29 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/3587591/pyston-returns-from-the-dead-to-speed-python.html">"Pyston returns from the dead to speed Python"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127113233/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3587591/pyston-returns-from-the-dead-to-speed-python.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&amp;rft.atitle=Pyston+returns+from+the+dead+to+speed+Python&amp;rft.date=2020-10-29&amp;rft.aulast=Yegulalp&amp;rft.aufirst=Serdar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3587591%2Fpyston-returns-from-the-dead-to-speed-python.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/facebookincubator/cinder">"cinder: Instagram\'s performance-oriented fork of CPython"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504112500/https://github.com/facebookincubator/cinder">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GitHub&amp;rft.atitle=cinder%3A+Instagram%27s+performance-oriented+fork+of+CPython.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Ffacebookincubator%2Fcinder&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-74-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-74_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/p/unladen-swallow/wiki/ProjectPlan">"Plans for optimizing Python"</a>. <i>Google Project Hosting</i>. 15 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411181848/https://code.google.com/p/unladen-swallow/wiki/ProjectPlan">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Google+Project+Hosting&amp;rft.atitle=Plans+for+optimizing+Python&amp;rft.date=2009-12-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fp%2Funladen-swallow%2Fwiki%2FProjectPlan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stochasticgeometry.ie/2010/04/29/python-on-the-nokia-n900/">"Python on the Nokia N900"</a>. <i>Stochastic Geometry</i>. 29 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620000053/http://www.stochasticgeometry.ie/2010/04/29/python-on-the-nokia-n900/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Stochastic+Geometry&amp;rft.atitle=Python+on+the+Nokia+N900&amp;rft.date=2010-04-29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stochasticgeometry.ie%2F2010%2F04%2F29%2Fpython-on-the-nokia-n900%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brython.info/">"Brython"</a>. <i>brython.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803065954/http://brython.info/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=brython.info&amp;rft.atitle=Brython&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrython.info%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcrypt.org">"Transcrypt \xe2\x80\x93 Python in the browser"</a>. <i>transcrypt.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819133303/http://www.transcrypt.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=transcrypt.org&amp;rft.atitle=Transcrypt+%E2%80%93+Python+in+the+browser&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transcrypt.org&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/articles/transcrypt-python-javascript-compiler/">"Transcrypt: Anatomy of a Python to JavaScript Compiler"</a>. <i>InfoQ</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205193339/https://www.infoq.com/articles/transcrypt-python-javascript-compiler/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=InfoQ&amp;rft.atitle=Transcrypt%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Python+to+JavaScript+Compiler&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Farticles%2Ftranscrypt-python-javascript-compiler%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuitka.net/">"Nuitka Home | Nuitka Home"</a>. <i>nuitka.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200530211233/https://nuitka.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=nuitka.net&amp;rft.atitle=Nuitka+Home+%7C+Nuitka+Home&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnuitka.net%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBorderies2019" class="citation web cs1">Borderies, Olivier (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@olivier.borderies/pythran-python-at-c-speed-518f26af60e8">"Pythran: Python at C++ speed&#160;!"</a>. <i>Medium</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325171400/https://medium.com/@olivier.borderies/pythran-python-at-c-speed-518f26af60e8">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Medium&amp;rft.atitle=Pythran%3A+Python+at+C%2B%2B+speed+%21&amp;rft.date=2019-01-24&amp;rft.aulast=Borderies&amp;rft.aufirst=Olivier&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40olivier.borderies%2Fpythran-python-at-c-speed-518f26af60e8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pythran.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">"Pythran \xe2\x80\x94 Pythran 0.9.5 documentation"</a>. <i>pythran.readthedocs.io</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219081337/https://pythran.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=pythran.readthedocs.io&amp;rft.atitle=Pythran+%E2%80%94+Pythran+0.9.5+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpythran.readthedocs.io%2Fen%2Flatest%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-Guelton_Brunet_Amini_Merlini_2015_p=014001-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guelton_Brunet_Amini_Merlini_2015_p=014001_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGueltonBrunetAminiMerlini2015" class="citation journal cs1">Guelton, Serge; Brunet, Pierrick; Amini, Mehdi; Merlini, Adrien; Corbillon, Xavier; Raynaud, Alan (16 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1749-4680%2F8%2F1%2F014001">"Pythran: enabling static optimization of scientific Python programs"</a>. <i>Computational Science &amp; Discovery</i>. IOP Publishing. <b>8</b> (1): 014001. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CS&amp;D....8a4001G">2015CS&#38;D....8a4001G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1749-4680%2F8%2F1%2F014001">10.1088/1749-4680/8/1/014001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1749-4699">1749-4699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Computational+Science+%26+Discovery&amp;rft.atitle=Pythran%3A+enabling+static+optimization+of+scientific+Python+programs&amp;rft.volume=8&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=014001&amp;rft.date=2015-03-16&amp;rft.issn=1749-4699&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1749-4680%2F8%2F1%2F014001&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015CS%26D....8a4001G&amp;rft.aulast=Guelton&amp;rft.aufirst=Serge&amp;rft.au=Brunet%2C+Pierrick&amp;rft.au=Amini%2C+Mehdi&amp;rft.au=Merlini%2C+Adrien&amp;rft.au=Corbillon%2C+Xavier&amp;rft.au=Raynaud%2C+Alan&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1088%252F1749-4680%252F8%252F1%252F014001&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://11l-lang.org/transpiler">The Python \xe2\x86\x92 11l \xe2\x86\x92 C++ transpiler</a></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/google/grumpy">"google/grumpy"</a>. 10 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415054919/https://github.com/google/grumpy">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span> &#8211; via GitHub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=google%2Fgrumpy&amp;rft.date=2020-04-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fgoogle%2Fgrumpy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensource.google/projects/">"Projects"</a>. <i>opensource.google</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424191248/https://opensource.google/projects/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=opensource.google&amp;rft.atitle=Projects&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensource.google%2Fprojects%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFFrancisco" class="citation web cs1">Francisco, Thomas Claburn in San. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2017/01/05/googles_grumpy_makes_python_go/">"Google\'s Grumpy code makes Python Go"</a>. <i>www.theregister.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307165521/https://www.theregister.com/2017/01/05/googles_grumpy_makes_python_go/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.theregister.com&amp;rft.atitle=Google%27s+Grumpy+code+makes+Python+Go&amp;rft.aulast=Francisco&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+Claburn+in+San&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2017%2F01%2F05%2Fgoogles_grumpy_makes_python_go%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/IronLanguages/ironpython3">"GitHub \xe2\x80\x93 IronLanguages/ironpython3: Implementation of Python 3.x for .NET Framework that is built on top of the Dynamic Language Runtime"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928101250/https://github.com/IronLanguages/ironpython3">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=GitHub&amp;rft.atitle=GitHub+%E2%80%93+IronLanguages%2Fironpython3%3A+Implementation+of+Python+3.x+for+.NET+Framework+that+is+built+on+top+of+the+Dynamic+Language+Runtime&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FIronLanguages%2Fironpython3&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ironpython.net/">"IronPython.net /"</a>. <i>ironpython.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417064418/https://ironpython.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ironpython.net&amp;rft.atitle=IronPython.net+%2F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fironpython.net%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jython.org/jython-old-sites/archive/22/userfaq.html">"Jython FAQ"</a>. <i>www.jython.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422055726/https://www.jython.org/jython-old-sites/archive/22/userfaq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.jython.org&amp;rft.atitle=Jython+FAQ&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jython.org%2Fjython-old-sites%2Farchive%2F22%2Fuserfaq.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFMurri2013" class="citation conference cs1">Murri, Riccardo (2013). <i>Performance of Python runtimes on a non-numeric scientific code</i>. European Conference on Python in Science (EuroSciPy). <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1404.6388">1404.6388</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014arXiv1404.6388M">2014arXiv1404.6388M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.btitle=Performance+of+Python+runtimes+on+a+non-numeric+scientific+code&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1404.6388&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014arXiv1404.6388M&amp;rft.aulast=Murri&amp;rft.aufirst=Riccardo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/fastest/python.html">"The Computer Language Benchmarks Game"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614210246/https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/fastest/python.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Computer+Language+Benchmarks+Game&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net%2Fbenchmarksgame%2Ffastest%2Fpython.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-PepCite000-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PepCite000_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PepCite000_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFWarsawHyltonGoodger2000" class="citation web cs1">Warsaw, Barry; Hylton, Jeremy; Goodger, David (13 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0001/">"PEP 1&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 PEP Purpose and Guidelines"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606042011/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0001/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+1+%E2%80%93+PEP+Purpose+and+Guidelines&amp;rft.date=2000-06-13&amp;rft.aulast=Warsaw&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry&amp;rft.au=Hylton%2C+Jeremy&amp;rft.au=Goodger%2C+David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0001%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/">"PEP 8 \xe2\x80\x93 Style Guide for Python Code"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417223549/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+8+%E2%80%93+Style+Guide+for+Python+Code&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0008%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-21-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-21_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFCannon" class="citation web cs1">Cannon, Brett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090601134342/http://www.python.org/dev/intro/">"Guido, Some Guys, and a Mailing List: How Python is Developed"</a>. <i>python.org</i>. Python Software Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/intro/">the original</a> on 1 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Guido%2C+Some+Guys%2C+and+a+Mailing+List%3A+How+Python+is+Developed&amp;rft.aulast=Cannon&amp;rft.aufirst=Brett&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fintro%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/885854/">"Moving Python\'s bugs to GitHub &#91;LWN.net&#93;"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Moving+Python%27s+bugs+to+GitHub+%26%2391%3BLWN.net%26%2393%3B&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F885854%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-py_dev_guide-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-py_dev_guide_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://devguide.python.org/">"Python Developer\'s Guide \xe2\x80\x94 Python Developer\'s Guide"</a>. <i>devguide.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032501/https://devguide.python.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=devguide.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Developer%27s+Guide+%E2%80%94+Python+Developer%27s+Guide&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevguide.python.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHughes2021" class="citation web cs1">Hughes, Owen (24 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techrepublic.com/article/programming-languages-why-python-4-0-will-probably-never-arrive-according-to-its-creator/">"Programming languages: Why Python 4.0 might never arrive, according to its creator"</a>. <i>TechRepublic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TechRepublic&amp;rft.atitle=Programming+languages%3A+Why+Python+4.0+might+never+arrive%2C+according+to+its+creator&amp;rft.date=2021-05-24&amp;rft.aulast=Hughes&amp;rft.aufirst=Owen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techrepublic.com%2Farticle%2Fprogramming-languages-why-python-4-0-will-probably-never-arrive-according-to-its-creator%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0602/">"PEP 602 \xe2\x80\x93 Annual Release Cycle for Python"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614202755/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0602/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+602+%E2%80%93+Annual+Release+Cycle+for+Python&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0602%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lwn.net/Articles/802777/">"Changing the Python release cadence &#91;LWN.net&#93;"</a>. <i>lwn.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106170153/https://lwn.net/Articles/802777/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=lwn.net&amp;rft.atitle=Changing+the+Python+release+cadence+%5BLWN.net%5D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flwn.net%2FArticles%2F802777%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-release-schedule-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-release-schedule_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFNorwitz2002" class="citation web cs1">Norwitz, Neal (8 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2002-April/022739.html">"&#91;Python-Dev&#93; Release Schedules (was Stability &amp; change)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122750/https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2002-April/022739.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%26%2391%3BPython-Dev%26%2393%3B+Release+Schedules+%28was+Stability+%26+change%29&amp;rft.date=2002-04-08&amp;rft.aulast=Norwitz&amp;rft.aufirst=Neal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmail.python.org%2Fpipermail%2Fpython-dev%2F2002-April%2F022739.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-22-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-22_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-22_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFAahzBaxter2001" class="citation web cs1">Aahz; Baxter, Anthony (15 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0006/">"PEP 6&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 Bug Fix Releases"</a>. <i>Python Enhancement Proposals</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605001318/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0006/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Enhancement+Proposals&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+6+%E2%80%93+Bug+Fix+Releases&amp;rft.date=2001-03-15&amp;rft.au=Aahz&amp;rft.au=Baxter%2C+Anthony&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0006%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-23-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-23_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/buildbot/">"Python Buildbot"</a>. <i>Python Developer\'s Guide</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605001322/https://www.python.org/dev/buildbot/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python+Developer%27s+Guide&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Buildbot&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fbuildbot%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html">"1. Extending Python with C or C++ \xe2\x80\x94 Python 3.9.1 documentation"</a>. <i>docs.python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623232830/https://docs.python.org/3/extending/extending.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.python.org&amp;rft.atitle=1.+Extending+Python+with+C+or+C%2B%2B+%E2%80%94+Python+3.9.1+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Fextending%2Fextending.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0623/">"PEP 623 \xe2\x80\x93 Remove wstr from Unicode"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305153214/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0623/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+623+%E2%80%93+Remove+wstr+from+Unicode&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0623%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0634/">"PEP 634 \xe2\x80\x93 Structural Pattern Matching: Specification"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506005315/https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0634/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=PEP+634+%E2%80%93+Structural+Pattern+Matching%3A+Specification&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fdev%2Fpeps%2Fpep-0634%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/DocumentationTools">"Documentation Tools"</a>. <i>Python.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111173635/https://wiki.python.org/moin/DocumentationTools">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Python.org&amp;rft.atitle=Documentation+Tools&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.python.org%2Fmoin%2FDocumentationTools&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-tutorial-chapter1-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tutorial-chapter1_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tutorial-chapter1_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/tutorial/appetite.html">"Whetting Your Appetite"</a>. <i>The Python Tutorial</i>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026063559/http://docs.python.org/tutorial/appetite.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Python+Tutorial&amp;rft.atitle=Whetting+Your+Appetite&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2Ftutorial%2Fappetite.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-26-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-26_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5033906/in-python-should-i-use-else-after-a-return-in-an-if-block">"In Python, should I use else after a return in an if block?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stack_Overflow" title="Stack Overflow">Stack Overflow</a></i>. Stack Exchange. 17 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620000050/https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5033906/in-python-should-i-use-else-after-a-return-in-an-if-block">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Stack+Overflow&amp;rft.atitle=In+Python%2C+should+I+use+else+after+a+return+in+an+if+block%3F&amp;rft.date=2011-02-17&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstackoverflow.com%2Fquestions%2F5033906%2Fin-python-should-i-use-else-after-a-return-in-an-if-block&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLutz2009" class="citation book cs1">Lutz, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1HxWGezDZcgC&amp;pg=PA17"><i>Learning Python: Powerful Object-Oriented Programming</i></a>. O\'Reilly Media, Inc. p.&#160;17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449379322" title="Special:BookSources/9781449379322"><bdi>9781449379322</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170717044012/https://books.google.com/books?id=1HxWGezDZcgC&amp;pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Learning+Python%3A+Powerful+Object-Oriented+Programming&amp;rft.pages=17&amp;rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9781449379322&amp;rft.aulast=Lutz&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1HxWGezDZcgC%26pg%3DPA17&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFFehily2002" class="citation book cs1">Fehily, Chris (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=carqdIdfVlYC&amp;pg=PR15"><i>Python</i></a>. Peachpit Press. p.&#160;xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780201748840" title="Special:BookSources/9780201748840"><bdi>9780201748840</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170717044040/https://books.google.com/books?id=carqdIdfVlYC&amp;pg=PR15">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Python&amp;rft.pages=xv&amp;rft.pub=Peachpit+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=9780201748840&amp;rft.aulast=Fehily&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcarqdIdfVlYC%26pg%3DPR15&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFBlake2021" class="citation web cs1">Blake, Troy (18 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seniordba.wordpress.com/2021/01/18/tiobe-index-for-january-2021/">"TIOBE Index for January 2021"</a>. <i>Technology News and Information by SeniorDBA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321143253/https://seniordba.wordpress.com/2021/01/18/tiobe-index-for-january-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Technology+News+and+Information+by+SeniorDBA&amp;rft.atitle=TIOBE+Index+for+January+2021&amp;rft.date=2021-01-18&amp;rft.aulast=Blake&amp;rft.aufirst=Troy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseniordba.wordpress.com%2F2021%2F01%2F18%2Ftiobe-index-for-january-2021%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-28-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-28_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFPrechelt2000" class="citation web cs1">Prechelt, Lutz (14 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt_computer2000.pdf">"An empirical comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103050915/http://page.mi.fu-berlin.de/prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt_computer2000.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=An+empirical+comparison+of+C%2C+C%2B%2B%2C+Java%2C+Perl%2C+Python%2C+Rexx%2C+and+Tcl&amp;rft.date=2000-03-14&amp;rft.aulast=Prechelt&amp;rft.aufirst=Lutz&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpage.mi.fu-berlin.de%2Fprechelt%2FBiblio%2Fjccpprt_computer2000.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-quotes-about-python-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-quotes-about-python_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/about/quotes/">"Quotes about Python"</a>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603135201/https://www.python.org/about/quotes/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Quotes+about+Python&amp;rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fabout%2Fquotes%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-29-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-29_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/OrganizationsUsingPython">"Organizations Using Python"</a>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821075931/https://wiki.python.org/moin/OrganizationsUsingPython">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Organizations+Using+Python&amp;rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.python.org%2Fmoin%2FOrganizationsUsingPython&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-30-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-30_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsweb.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2006/31/News%20Articles/974627?ln=en">"Python&#160;: the holy grail of programming"</a>. <i>CERN Bulletin</i>. CERN Publications (31/2006). 31 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130115191843/http://cdsweb.cern.ch/journal/CERNBulletin/2006/31/News%20Articles/974627?ln=en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CERN+Bulletin&amp;rft.atitle=Python+%3A+the+holy+grail+of+programming&amp;rft.issue=31%2F2006&amp;rft.date=2006-07-31&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdsweb.cern.ch%2Fjournal%2FCERNBulletin%2F2006%2F31%2FNews%2520Articles%2F974627%3Fln%3Den&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-31-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-31_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFShafer2003" class="citation web cs1">Shafer, Daniel G. (17 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/about/success/usa/">"Python Streamlines Space Shuttle Mission Design"</a>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605093424/https://www.python.org/about/success/usa/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Python+Streamlines+Space+Shuttle+Mission+Design&amp;rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&amp;rft.date=2003-01-17&amp;rft.aulast=Shafer&amp;rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fabout%2Fsuccess%2Fusa%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/301">"Tornado: Facebook\'s Real-Time Web Framework for Python \xe2\x80\x93 Facebook for Developers"</a>. <i>Facebook for Developers</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219031313/https://developers.facebook.com/blog/post/301">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Facebook+for+Developers&amp;rft.atitle=Tornado%3A+Facebook%27s+Real-Time+Web+Framework+for+Python+%E2%80%93+Facebook+for+Developers&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdevelopers.facebook.com%2Fblog%2Fpost%2F301&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://instagram-engineering.com/what-powers-instagram-hundreds-of-instances-dozens-of-technologies-adf2e22da2ad">"What Powers Instagram: Hundreds of Instances, Dozens of Technologies"</a>. Instagram Engineering. 11 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615183410/https://instagram-engineering.com/what-powers-instagram-hundreds-of-instances-dozens-of-technologies-adf2e22da2ad">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+Powers+Instagram%3A+Hundreds+of+Instances%2C+Dozens+of+Technologies&amp;rft.pub=Instagram+Engineering&amp;rft.date=2016-12-11&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstagram-engineering.com%2Fwhat-powers-instagram-hundreds-of-instances-dozens-of-technologies-adf2e22da2ad&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labs.spotify.com/2013/03/20/how-we-use-python-at-spotify/">"How we use Python at Spotify"</a>. <i>Spotify Labs</i>. 20 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610005143/https://labs.spotify.com/2013/03/20/how-we-use-python-at-spotify/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Spotify+Labs&amp;rft.atitle=How+we+use+Python+at+Spotify&amp;rft.date=2013-03-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabs.spotify.com%2F2013%2F03%2F20%2Fhow-we-use-python-at-spotify%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-32-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-32_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFFortenberry2003" class="citation web cs1">Fortenberry, Tim (17 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/about/success/ilm/">"Industrial Light &amp; Magic Runs on Python"</a>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200606042020/https://www.python.org/about/success/ilm/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Industrial+Light+%26+Magic+Runs+on+Python&amp;rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&amp;rft.date=2003-01-17&amp;rft.aulast=Fortenberry&amp;rft.aufirst=Tim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.python.org%2Fabout%2Fsuccess%2Film%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-33-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-33_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFTaft2007" class="citation web cs1">Taft, Darryl K. (5 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Application-Development/Python-Slithers-into-Systems/">"Python Slithers into Systems"</a>. <i>eWeek.com</i>. Ziff Davis Holdings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813194304/https://www.eweek.com/development/python-slithers-into-systems/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=eWeek.com&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Slithers+into+Systems&amp;rft.date=2007-03-05&amp;rft.aulast=Taft&amp;rft.aufirst=Darryl+K.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eweek.com%2Fc%2Fa%2FApplication-Development%2FPython-Slithers-into-Systems%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/reddit-archive/reddit"><i>GitHub \xe2\x80\x93 reddit-archive/reddit: historical code from reddit.com.</i></a>, The Reddit Archives, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200601104939/https://github.com/reddit-archive/reddit">archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=GitHub+%E2%80%93+reddit-archive%2Freddit%3A+historical+code+from+reddit.com.&amp;rft.pub=The+Reddit+Archives&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Freddit-archive%2Freddit&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-35-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-35_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w3techs.com/technologies/details/pl-python/all/all">"Usage statistics and market share of Python for websites"</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813194305/https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/pl-python">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Usage+statistics+and+market+share+of+Python+for+websites&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3techs.com%2Ftechnologies%2Fdetails%2Fpl-python%2Fall%2Fall&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-cise-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cise_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFOliphant2007" class="citation journal cs1">Oliphant, Travis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h2desk.com/blog/python-scientific-computing/">"Python for Scientific Computing"</a>. <i>Computing in Science and Engineering</i>. <b>9</b> (3): 10\xe2\x80\x9320. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CSE.....9c..10O">2007CSE.....9c..10O</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.474.6460">10.1.1.474.6460</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCSE.2007.58">10.1109/MCSE.2007.58</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206457124">206457124</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615193226/https://www.h2desk.com/blog/python-scientific-computing/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Computing+in+Science+and+Engineering&amp;rft.atitle=Python+for+Scientific+Computing&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=10-20&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.474.6460%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206457124%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCSE.2007.58&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CSE.....9c..10O&amp;rft.aulast=Oliphant&amp;rft.aufirst=Travis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h2desk.com%2Fblog%2Fpython-scientific-computing%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-millman-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-millman_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFMillmanAivazis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Millman, K. Jarrod; Aivazis, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/cs/2011/02/mcs2011020009.html">"Python for Scientists and Engineers"</a>. <i>Computing in Science and Engineering</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 9\xe2\x80\x9312. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011CSE....13b...9M">2011CSE....13b...9M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMCSE.2011.36">10.1109/MCSE.2011.36</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219031439/https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/cs/2011/02/mcs2011020009.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Computing+in+Science+and+Engineering&amp;rft.atitle=Python+for+Scientists+and+Engineers&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=9-12&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCSE.2011.36&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011CSE....13b...9M&amp;rft.aulast=Millman&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+Jarrod&amp;rft.au=Aivazis%2C+Michael&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fcsdl%2Fmags%2Fcs%2F2011%2F02%2Fmcs2011020009.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-ICSE-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICSE_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615180428/http://visual.icse.us.edu.pl/methodology/why_Sage.html"><i>Science education with SageMath</i></a>, Innovative Computing in Science Education, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visual.icse.us.edu.pl/methodology/why_Sage.html">the original</a> on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Science+education+with+SageMath&amp;rft.pub=Innovative+Computing+in+Science+Education&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisual.icse.us.edu.pl%2Fmethodology%2Fwhy_Sage.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.opencv.org/3.4.9/d6/d00/tutorial_py_root.html">"OpenCV: OpenCV-Python Tutorials"</a>. <i>docs.opencv.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923063145/https://docs.opencv.org/3.4.9/d6/d00/tutorial_py_root.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=docs.opencv.org&amp;rft.atitle=OpenCV%3A+OpenCV-Python+Tutorials&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.opencv.org%2F3.4.9%2Fd6%2Fd00%2Ftutorial_py_root.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-whitepaper2015-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitepaper2015_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFDeanMongaGhemawat2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dean_(computer_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Dean (computer scientist)">Dean, Jeff</a>; Monga, Rajat; et&#160;al. (9 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.tensorflow.org/paper/whitepaper2015.pdf">"TensorFlow: Large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>TensorFlow.org</i>. Google Research. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120004649/http://download.tensorflow.org/paper/whitepaper2015.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TensorFlow.org&amp;rft.atitle=TensorFlow%3A+Large-scale+machine+learning+on+heterogeneous+systems&amp;rft.date=2015-11-09&amp;rft.aulast=Dean&amp;rft.aufirst=Jeff&amp;rft.au=Monga%2C+Rajat&amp;rft.au=Ghemawat%2C+Sanjay&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.tensorflow.org%2Fpaper%2Fwhitepaper2015.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFPiatetsky" class="citation web cs1">Piatetsky, Gregory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kdnuggets.com/2018/05/poll-tools-analytics-data-science-machine-learning-results.html/2">"Python eats away at R: Top Software for Analytics, Data Science, Machine Learning in 2018: Trends and Analysis"</a>. <i>KDnuggets</i>. KDnuggets. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115234216/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2018/05/poll-tools-analytics-data-science-machine-learning-results.html/2">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=KDnuggets&amp;rft.atitle=Python+eats+away+at+R%3A+Top+Software+for+Analytics%2C+Data+Science%2C+Machine+Learning+in+2018%3A+Trends+and+Analysis&amp;rft.aulast=Piatetsky&amp;rft.aufirst=Gregory&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kdnuggets.com%2F2018%2F05%2Fpoll-tools-analytics-data-science-machine-learning-results.html%2F2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scikit-learn.org/stable/testimonials/testimonials.html">"Who is using scikit-learn? \xe2\x80\x94 scikit-learn 0.20.1 documentation"</a>. <i>scikit-learn.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506210716/https://scikit-learn.org/stable/testimonials/testimonials.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=scikit-learn.org&amp;rft.atitle=Who+is+using+scikit-learn%3F+%E2%80%94+scikit-learn+0.20.1+documentation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscikit-learn.org%2Fstable%2Ftestimonials%2Ftestimonials.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFJouppi" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jouppi" title="Norman Jouppi">Jouppi, Norm</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloudplatform.googleblog.com/2016/05/Google-supercharges-machine-learning-tasks-with-custom-chip.html">"Google supercharges machine learning tasks with TPU custom chip"</a>. <i>Google Cloud Platform Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160518201516/https://cloudplatform.googleblog.com/2016/05/Google-supercharges-machine-learning-tasks-with-custom-chip.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Google+Cloud+Platform+Blog&amp;rft.atitle=Google+supercharges+machine+learning+tasks+with+TPU+custom+chip&amp;rft.aulast=Jouppi&amp;rft.aufirst=Norm&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudplatform.googleblog.com%2F2016%2F05%2FGoogle-supercharges-machine-learning-tasks-with-custom-chip.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-47-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-47_200-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nltk.org/">"Natural Language Toolkit \xe2\x80\x94 NLTK 3.5b1 documentation"</a>. <i>www.nltk.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613003911/http://www.nltk.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.nltk.org&amp;rft.atitle=Natural+Language+Toolkit+%E2%80%94+NLTK+3.5b1+documentation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nltk.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717070814/http://gimp-win.sourceforge.net/faq.html">"Installers for GIMP for Windows \xe2\x80\x93 Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. 26 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gimp-win.sourceforge.net/faq.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Installers+for+GIMP+for+Windows+%E2%80%93+Frequently+Asked+Questions&amp;rft.date=2013-07-26&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgimp-win.sourceforge.net%2Ffaq.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-38-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-38_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319061519/http://www.jasc.com/support/customercare/articles/psp9components.asp">"jasc psp9components"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jasc.com/support/customercare/articles/psp9components.asp">the original</a> on 19 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=jasc+psp9components&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jasc.com%2Fsupport%2Fcustomercare%2Farticles%2Fpsp9components.asp&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-39-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-39_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=About_getting_started_with_writing_geoprocessing_scripts">"About getting started with writing geoprocessing scripts"</a>. <i>ArcGIS Desktop Help 9.2</i>. Environmental Systems Research Institute. 17 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605144616/http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm?TopicName=About_getting_started_with_writing_geoprocessing_scripts">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ArcGIS+Desktop+Help+9.2&amp;rft.atitle=About+getting+started+with+writing+geoprocessing+scripts&amp;rft.date=2006-11-17&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebhelp.esri.com%2Farcgisdesktop%2F9.2%2Findex.cfm%3FTopicName%3DAbout_getting_started_with_writing_geoprocessing_scripts&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-40-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-40_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFCCP_porkbelly2010" class="citation web cs1">CCP porkbelly (24 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.eveonline.com/news/dev-blogs/stackless-python-2.7/">"Stackless Python 2.7"</a>. <i>EVE Community Dev Blogs</i>. <a href="/wiki/CCP_Games" title="CCP Games">CCP Games</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111155537/http://community.eveonline.com/news/dev-blogs/stackless-python-2.7/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2014</span>. <q>As you may know, EVE has at its core the programming language known as Stackless Python.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=EVE+Community+Dev+Blogs&amp;rft.atitle=Stackless+Python+2.7&amp;rft.date=2010-08-24&amp;rft.au=CCP+porkbelly&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.eveonline.com%2Fnews%2Fdev-blogs%2Fstackless-python-2.7%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-41-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-41_205-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFCaudill2005" class="citation web cs1">Caudill, Barry (20 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202164144/http://www.2kgames.com/civ4/blog_03.htm">"Modding Sid Meier\'s Civilization IV"</a>. <i>Sid Meier\'s Civilization IV Developer Blog</i>. <a href="/wiki/Firaxis_Games" title="Firaxis Games">Firaxis Games</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2kgames.com/civ4/blog_03.htm">the original</a> on 2 December 2010. <q>we created three levels of tools ... The next level offers Python and XML support, letting modders with more experience manipulate the game world and everything in it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Sid+Meier%27s+Civilization+IV+Developer+Blog&amp;rft.atitle=Modding+Sid+Meier%27s+Civilization+IV&amp;rft.date=2005-09-20&amp;rft.aulast=Caudill&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2kgames.com%2Fciv4%2Fblog_03.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-42-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-42_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715145616/http://code.google.com/apis/documents/docs/1.0/developers_guide_python.html">"Python Language Guide (v1.0)"</a>. <i>Google Documents List Data API v1.0</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/apis/documents/docs/1.0/developers_guide_python.html">the original</a> on 15 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Google+Documents+List+Data+API+v1.0&amp;rft.atitle=Python+Language+Guide+%28v1.0%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Fapis%2Fdocuments%2Fdocs%2F1.0%2Fdevelopers_guide_python.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.python.org/3/using/unix.html">"Python Setup and Usage"</a>. Python Software Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617143505/https://docs.python.org/3/using/unix.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Python+Setup+and+Usage&amp;rft.pub=Python+Software+Foundation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.python.org%2F3%2Fusing%2Funix.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-49-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-49_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216134332/http://immunitysec.com/products-immdbg.shtml">"Immunity: Knowing You\'re Secure"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immunitysec.com/products-immdbg.shtml">the original</a> on 16 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Immunity%3A+Knowing+You%27re+Secure&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immunitysec.com%2Fproducts-immdbg.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-50-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-50_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coresecurity.com/">"Core Security"</a>. <i>Core Security</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609165041/http://www.coresecurity.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Core+Security&amp;rft.atitle=Core+Security&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coresecurity.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-51-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-51_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sugarlabs.org/go/Sugar">"What is Sugar?"</a>. Sugar Labs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109025944/http://sugarlabs.org/go/Sugar">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+Sugar%3F&amp;rft.pub=Sugar+Labs&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsugarlabs.org%2Fgo%2FSugar&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libreoffice.org/download/4-0-new-features-and-fixes/">"4.0 New Features and Fixes"</a>. <i>LibreOffice.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Document_Foundation" title="The Document Foundation">The Document Foundation</a>. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209184807/http://www.libreoffice.org/download/4-0-new-features-and-fixes/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=LibreOffice.org&amp;rft.atitle=4.0+New+Features+and+Fixes&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libreoffice.org%2Fdownload%2F4-0-new-features-and-fixes%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-90-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-90_212-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211062108/http://boo.codehaus.org/Gotchas+for+Python+Users">"Gotchas for Python Users"</a>. <i>boo.codehaus.org</i>. Codehaus Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boo.codehaus.org/Gotchas+for+Python+Users">the original</a> on 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=boo.codehaus.org&amp;rft.atitle=Gotchas+for+Python+Users&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboo.codehaus.org%2FGotchas%2Bfor%2BPython%2BUsers&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-91-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-91_213-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFEsterbrook" class="citation web cs1">Esterbrook, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cobra-language.com/docs/acknowledgements/">"Acknowledgements"</a>. <i>cobra-language.com</i>. Cobra Language. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208141002/http://cobra-language.com/docs/acknowledgements/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=cobra-language.com&amp;rft.atitle=Acknowledgements&amp;rft.aulast=Esterbrook&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcobra-language.com%2Fdocs%2Facknowledgements%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-93-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-93_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082650/http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=proposals:iterators_and_generators">"Proposals: iterators and generators &#91;ES4 Wiki&#93;"</a>. wiki.ecmascript.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=proposals:iterators_and_generators">the original</a> on 20 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Proposals%3A+iterators+and+generators+%5BES4+Wiki%26%2393%3B&amp;rft.pub=wiki.ecmascript.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.ecmascript.org%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dproposals%3Aiterators_and_generators&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.godotengine.org/en/stable/about/faq.html">"Frequently asked questions"</a>. <i>Godot Engine documentation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428053339/https://docs.godotengine.org/en/stable/about/faq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Godot+Engine+documentation&amp;rft.atitle=Frequently+asked+questions&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.godotengine.org%2Fen%2Fstable%2Fabout%2Ffaq.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-94-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-94_216-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKincaid2009" class="citation news cs1">Kincaid, Jason (10 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2009/11/10/google-go-language/">"Google\'s Go: A New Programming Language That\'s Python Meets C++"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118014358/http://www.techcrunch.com/2009/11/10/google-go-language/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&amp;rft.atitle=Google%27s+Go%3A+A+New+Programming+Language+That%27s+Python+Meets+C%2B%2B&amp;rft.date=2009-11-10&amp;rft.aulast=Kincaid&amp;rft.aufirst=Jason&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2009%2F11%2F10%2Fgoogle-go-language%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-95-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-95_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation web cs1">Strachan, James (29 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405085722/http://radio.weblogs.com/0112098/2003/08/29.html">"Groovy&#160;\xe2\x80\x93 the birth of a new dynamic language for the Java platform"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radio.weblogs.com/0112098/2003/08/29.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Groovy+%E2%80%93+the+birth+of+a+new+dynamic+language+for+the+Java+platform&amp;rft.date=2003-08-29&amp;rft.aulast=Strachan&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradio.weblogs.com%2F0112098%2F2003%2F08%2F29.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFYegulalp2017" class="citation web cs1">Yegulalp, Serdar (16 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoworld.com/article/3157745/application-development/nim-language-draws-from-best-of-python-rust-go-and-lisp.html">"Nim language draws from best of Python, Rust, Go, and Lisp"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013211847/https://www.infoworld.com/article/3157745/application-development/nim-language-draws-from-best-of-python-rust-go-and-lisp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Nim\'s syntax is strongly reminiscent of Python\'s, as it uses indented code blocks and some of the same syntax (such as the way if/elif/then/else blocks are constructed).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&amp;rft.atitle=Nim+language+draws+from+best+of+Python%2C+Rust%2C+Go%2C+and+Lisp&amp;rft.date=2017-01-16&amp;rft.aulast=Yegulalp&amp;rft.aufirst=Serdar&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3157745%2Fapplication-development%2Fnim-language-draws-from-best-of-python-rust-go-and-lisp.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-linuxdevcenter-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-linuxdevcenter_219-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">"An Interview with the Creator of Ruby"</a>. Linuxdevcenter.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180428150410/http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/11/29/ruby.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=An+Interview+with+the+Creator+of+Ruby&amp;rft.pub=Linuxdevcenter.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linuxdevcenter.com%2Fpub%2Fa%2Flinux%2F2001%2F11%2F29%2Fruby.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLattner2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Lattner" title="Chris Lattner">Lattner, Chris</a> (3 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nondot.org/sabre">"Chris Lattner\'s Homepage"</a>. Chris Lattner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222150510/http://nondot.org/sabre/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2014</span>. <q>I started work on the Swift Programming Language in July of 2010. I implemented much of the basic language structure, with only a few people knowing of its existence. A few other (amazing) people started contributing in earnest late in 2011, and it became a major focus for the Apple Developer Tools group in July 2013 [...] drawing ideas from Objective-C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Python, C#, CLU, and far too many others to list.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chris+Lattner%27s+Homepage&amp;rft.pub=Chris+Lattner&amp;rft.date=2014-06-03&amp;rft.aulast=Lattner&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnondot.org%2Fsabre&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-99-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-99_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFKupriesFellows2000" class="citation web cs1">Kupries, Andreas; Fellows, Donal K. (14 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/3.html">"TIP #3: TIP Format"</a>. <i>tcl.tk</i>. Tcl Developer Xchange. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713233954/http://tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=tcl.tk&amp;rft.atitle=TIP+%233%3A+TIP+Format&amp;rft.date=2000-09-14&amp;rft.aulast=Kupries&amp;rft.aufirst=Andreas&amp;rft.au=Fellows%2C+Donal+K.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcl.tk%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftct%2Ftip%2F3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-AutoNT-100-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AutoNT-100_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFGustafssonNiskanen2007" class="citation web cs1">Gustafsson, Per; Niskanen, Raimo (29 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erlang.org/eeps/eep-0001.html">"EEP 1: EEP Purpose and Guidelines"</a>. erlang.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615153206/http://erlang.org/eeps/eep-0001.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=EEP+1%3A+EEP+Purpose+and+Guidelines&amp;rft.pub=erlang.org&amp;rft.date=2007-01-29&amp;rft.aulast=Gustafsson&amp;rft.aufirst=Per&amp;rft.au=Niskanen%2C+Raimo&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erlang.org%2Feeps%2Feep-0001.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/blob/master/process.md">"Swift Evolution Process"</a>. <i>Swift Programming Language Evolution repository on GitHub</i>. 18 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200427182556/https://github.com/apple/swift-evolution/blob/master/process.md">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Swift+Programming+Language+Evolution+repository+on+GitHub&amp;rft.atitle=Swift+Evolution+Process&amp;rft.date=2020-02-18&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fapple%2Fswift-evolution%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fprocess.md&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></span>\n</li>\n</ol></div>\n<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span></h3>\n<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101045354/http://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonForArtificialIntelligence">"Python for Artificial Intelligence"</a>. Wiki.python.org. 19 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonForArtificialIntelligence">the original</a> on 1 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Python+for+Artificial+Intelligence&amp;rft.pub=Wiki.python.org&amp;rft.date=2012-07-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.python.org%2Fmoin%2FPythonForArtificialIntelligence&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>\n<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFPaine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Paine, Jocelyn, ed. (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326105810/http://www.ainewsletter.com/newsletters/aix_0508.htm#python_ai_ai">"AI in Python"</a>. <i>AI Expert Newsletter</i>. Amzi!. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ainewsletter.com/newsletters/aix_0508.htm#python_ai_ai">the original</a> on 26 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=AI+Expert+Newsletter&amp;rft.atitle=AI+in+Python&amp;rft.date=2005-08&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ainewsletter.com%2Fnewsletters%2Faix_0508.htm%23python_ai_ai&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>\n<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/PyAIML">"PyAIML 0.8.5&#160;: Python Package Index"</a>. Pypi.python.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=PyAIML+0.8.5+%3A+Python+Package+Index&amp;rft.pub=Pypi.python.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpypi.python.org%2Fpypi%2FPyAIML&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>\n<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFRussellNorvig2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell, Stuart J.</a> &amp; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Norvig" title="Peter Norvig">Norvig, Peter</a> (2009). <i>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach</i> (3rd&#160;ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-604259-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-604259-4"><bdi>978-0-13-604259-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence%3A+A+Modern+Approach&amp;rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-13-604259-4&amp;rft.aulast=Russell&amp;rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&amp;rft.au=Norvig%2C+Peter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2>\n<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFDowney2012" class="citation book cs1">Downey, Allen B. (May 2012). <i>Think Python: How to Think Like a Computer Scientist</i> (version 1.6.6&#160;ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72596-5"><bdi>978-0-521-72596-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Think+Python%3A+How+to+Think+Like+a+Computer+Scientist&amp;rft.edition=version+1.6.6&amp;rft.date=2012-05&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-521-72596-5&amp;rft.aulast=Downey&amp;rft.aufirst=Allen+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>\n<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Naomi (5 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229095320/http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id%3B66665771">"The A-Z of Programming Languages: Python"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com.au/index.php/id;66665771">the original</a> on 29 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Computerworld&amp;rft.atitle=The+A-Z+of+Programming+Languages%3A+Python&amp;rft.date=2008-08-05&amp;rft.aulast=Hamilton&amp;rft.aufirst=Naomi&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com.au%2Findex.php%2Fid%3B66665771&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>\n<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFLutz2013" class="citation book cs1">Lutz, Mark (2013). <i>Learning Python</i> (5th&#160;ed.). O\'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-15806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-15806-4"><bdi>978-0-596-15806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Learning+Python&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-596-15806-4&amp;rft.aulast=Lutz&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>\n<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><cite id="CITEREFSummerfield2009" class="citation book cs1">Summerfield, Mark (2009). <i>Programming in Python 3</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-68056-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-68056-3"><bdi>978-0-321-68056-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Programming+in+Python+3&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-321-68056-3&amp;rft.aulast=Summerfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APython+%28programming+language%29" class="Z3988"></span></li>\n<li>Ramalho, Luciano (May 2022). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/books/fluent-python-2nd-edition">Fluent Python</a></i> (2nd ed.). O\'Reilly Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1133582631"/><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-5632-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4920-5632-4">978-1-4920-5632-4</a>.</li></ul>\n<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2>\n<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1134653256">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097092911">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style>\n<div class="side-box-abovebelow">\n<b>Python</b> at Wikipedia\'s <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div>\n<div class="side-box-flex">\n<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Python_(programming_language)" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Python (programming language)">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Python" class="extiw" title="q:Python">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" class="extiw" title="b:Python Programming">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Python" class="extiw" title="v:Python">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" style="vertical-align: middle" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865" class="extiw" title="d:Q28865">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div>\n</div>\n<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul>\n<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Python" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #3467AC; color: #FCFCFC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Python_(programming_language)" title="Template:Python (programming language)"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background: #3467AC; color: #FCFCFC;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Python_(programming_language)" title="Template talk:Python (programming language)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background: #3467AC; color: #FCFCFC;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Python_(programming_language)&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background: #3467AC; color: #FCFCFC;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Python" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#FCFCFC">Python</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/CLPython" title="CLPython">CLPython</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Psyco" title="Psyco">Psyco</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Python_for_S60" title="Python for S60">Python for S60</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">Shed Skin</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Unladen_Swallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Unladen Swallow">Unladen Swallow</a></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software#Python_implementations" title="List of Python software">more</a>...</i></li></ul>\n</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Python-logo-notext.svg" class="image"><img alt="Python-logo-notext.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/55px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="60" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/83px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/110px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="126" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#Python" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Boa</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Python_IDE" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Python IDE">Eric Python IDE</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/IDLE_(Python)" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLE (Python)">IDLE</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/PyCharm" title="PyCharm">PyCharm</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/PyDev" title="PyDev">PyDev</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ninja-IDE" title="Ninja-IDE">Ninja-IDE</a></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_integrated_development_environments_for_Python#Python" class="mw-redirect" title="List of integrated development environments for Python">more</a>...</i></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">WSGI</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">ASGI</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background: #FFCC55;"><div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">software (list)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Python_Conference" title="Python Conference">PyCon</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Programming_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Programming_languages&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Comparison_*_Timeline_*_History">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Visual_Basic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classic Visual Basic">Classic Visual Basic</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li>\n<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">Visual Basic</a></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>\n<ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="List-Class article" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li>\n<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Python_web_frameworks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Python_web_frameworks" title="Template:Python web frameworks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Python_web_frameworks" title="Template talk:Python web frameworks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Python_web_frameworks&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Python_web_frameworks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li>Bottle</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/CherryPy" title="CherryPy">CherryPy</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/CubicWeb" title="CubicWeb">CubicWeb</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/FastAPI" title="FastAPI">FastAPI</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(web_framework)" title="Grok (web framework)">Grok</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Nagare_(web_framework)" title="Nagare (web framework)">Nagare</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Nevow" title="Nevow">Nevow</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pylons_Framework" title="Pylons project">Pylons</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pyramid" title="Pylons project">Pyramid</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Quixote_(web_framework)" title="Quixote (web framework)">Quixote</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/TACTIC_(web_framework)" title="TACTIC (web framework)">TACTIC</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">TwistedWeb</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Zope#Zope_2" title="Zope">Zope 2</a></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Python_(programming_language)_web_frameworks" title="Category:Python (programming language) web frameworks">more</a></i>...</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Differentiable_computing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Differentiable_computing" title="Template talk:Differentiable computing"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Differentiable_computing&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Differentiable_computing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Differentiable computing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_function" title="Differentiable function">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable programming</a></b></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Information_geometry" title="Information geometry">Information geometry</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_manifold" title="Statistical manifold">Statistical manifold</a><br /></li></ul>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_differentiation" title="Automatic differentiation">Automatic differentiation</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Cable_theory" title="Cable theory">Cable theory</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">Pattern recognition</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_calculus" title="Tensor calculus">Tensor calculus</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive bias</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent" title="Stochastic gradient descent">SGD</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">Overfitting</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversary</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Loss_functions_for_classification" title="Loss functions for classification">Loss functions</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">Normalization</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">Activation</a>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softmax_function" title="Softmax function">Softmax</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)" title="Rectifier (neural networks)">Rectifier</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)" title="Regularization (mathematics)">Regularization</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_sets" class="mw-redirect" title="Training, validation, and test sets">Datasets</a>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_process" title="Diffusion process">Diffusion</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregression</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Computational_science" title="Computational science">Scientific computing</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphcore" title="Graphcore">IPU</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">TPU</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">VPU</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SpiNNaker" title="SpiNNaker">SpiNNaker</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software library</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(software)" title="Theano (software)">Theano</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Google_JAX" title="Google JAX">JAX</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio\xe2\x80\x93visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">HWR</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Verbal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">Transformer</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">NMT</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a> (unreleased)</i></li>\n<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-J&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GPT-J (page does not exist)">GPT-J</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State\xe2\x80\x93action\xe2\x80\x93reward\xe2\x80\x93state\xe2\x80\x93action">SARSA</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves_(computer_scientist)" title="Alex Graves (computer scientist)">Alex Graves</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li" title="Fei-Fei Li">Fei-Fei Li</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="J\xc3\xbcrgen Schmidhuber">J\xc3\xbcrgen Schmidhuber</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/David_Silver_(computer_scientist)" title="David Silver (computer scientist)">David Silver</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeepMind" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT CSAIL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Mila_(research_institute)" title="Mila (research institute)">Mila</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Google Brain</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Meta_AI" title="Meta AI">Meta AI</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Turing_machine" title="Neural Turing machine">Neural Turing machine</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_neural_computer" title="Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">Transformer</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network (RNN)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">Long short-term memory (LSTM)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit (GRU)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">Echo state network</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron (MLP)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Residual_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Residual network">Residual network</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder (VAE)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network (GAN)</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">Graph neural network</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> Portals\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Category\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_neural_networks" title="Category:Artificial neural networks">Artificial neural networks</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Machine_learning" title="Category:Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li></ul></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:FOSS&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office Suites</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_programming_language_licensing" title="Comparison of open-source programming language licensing">Programming languages</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul>\n</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Viral_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral license">Viral license</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_restriction" title="Hardware restriction">Hardware restrictions</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO\xe2\x80\x93Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li>\n<li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div>\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="image" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li>\n<li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Category" width="16" height="16" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Statistical_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Statistical_software" title="Template:Statistical software"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Statistical_software" title="Template talk:Statistical software"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Statistical_software&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Statistical_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">Statistical software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataplot" title="Dataplot">Dataplot</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Epi_Info" title="Epi Info">Epi Info</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/CSPro" title="CSPro">CSPro</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/X-12-ARIMA" class="mw-redirect" title="X-12-ARIMA">X-12-ARIMA</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">ADMB</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/DAP_(software)" title="DAP (software)">DAP</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/JASP" title="JASP">JASP</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Just_another_Gibbs_sampler" title="Just another Gibbs sampler">JAGS</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/JMulTi" title="JMulTi">JMulTi</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (<i>Ju</i>lia, <i>Py</i>thon, <i>R</i>)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/OpenBUGS" title="OpenBUGS">OpenBUGS</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/PSPP" title="PSPP">PSPP</a></li>\n<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a> (<a href="/wiki/Statsmodels" title="Statsmodels">statsmodels</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyMC3" class="mw-redirect" title="PyMC3">PyMC3</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> (<a href="/wiki/RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SimFiT" title="SimFiT">SimFiT</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Stan_(software)" title="Stan (software)">Stan</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/XLispStat" title="XLispStat">XLispStat</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BV4.1_(software)" title="BV4.1 (software)">BV4.1</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/CumFreq" title="CumFreq">CumFreq</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SegReg" title="SegReg">SegReg</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/XploRe" title="XploRe">XploRe</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/WinBUGS" title="WinBUGS">WinBUGS</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Desk" title="Data Desk">Data Desk</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/GraphPad_InStat" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad InStat">GraphPad InStat</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/GraphPad_Prism" class="mw-redirect" title="GraphPad Prism">GraphPad Prism</a></li>\n<li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> Statistics</li>\n<li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">JMP</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">OxMetrics</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/RATS_(software)" title="RATS (software)">RATS</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">SmartPLS</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">SUDAAN</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/TSP_(econometrics_software)" title="TSP (econometrics software)">TSP</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a> (WPS)</li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMDP" title="BMDP">BMDP</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/EViews" title="EViews">EViews</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Genstat" title="Genstat">GenStat</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">LIMDEP</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MedCalc" title="MedCalc">MedCalc</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Microfit" title="Microfit">Microfit</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MLwiN" title="MLwiN">MLwiN</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/NCSS_(statistical_software)" title="NCSS (statistical software)">NCSS</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SHAZAM_(software)" title="SHAZAM (software)">SHAZAM</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">SigmaStat</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">StatsDirect</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/StatXact" title="StatXact">StatXact</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SYSTAT_(software)" title="SYSTAT (software)">SYSTAT</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">The Unscrambler</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Unistat" title="Unistat">UNISTAT</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">Analyse-it</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Unistat" title="Unistat">UNISTAT</a> for Excel</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/XLfit" title="XLfit">XLfit</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>\n<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Statistical_software" title="Category:Statistical software">Category</a></b></li>\n<li><b><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison</a></b></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Numerical-analysis_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Template:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Template talk:Numerical analysis software"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Numerical_analysis_software&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Numerical-analysis_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical-analysis software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">Advanced Simulation Library</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">ADMB</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Euler_(software)" title="Euler (software)">Euler</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">FreeFem++</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/FreeMat" title="FreeMat">FreeMat</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mathematics_software)" title="Genius (mathematics software)">Genius</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Gmsh" title="Gmsh">Gmsh</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (<i>Ju</i>lia, <i>Pyt</i>hon, <i>R</i>; <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>)</li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MFEM" title="MFEM">MFEM</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">OpenFOAM</a></li>\n<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/ScicosLab" title="ScicosLab">ScicosLab</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/X10_(programming_language)" title="X10 (programming language)">X10</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Weka_(machine_learning)" title="Weka (machine learning)">Weka</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DADiSP" title="DADiSP">DADiSP</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">FEATool Multiphysics</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>\n<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison</a></b></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"/><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" style="vertical-align: text-top" class="noprint" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13560465c">France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13560465c">(data)</a></span></li>\n<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4434275-5">Germany</a></span></li>\n<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007563637105171">Israel</a></span></li>\n<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh96008834">United States</a></span></li>\n<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph170668&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">\n<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1084736/">FAST</a></span></li>\n<li><a href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (France)</a>\n<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/051626225">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul>\n</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>\n<p class="mw-empty-elt">\n</p>\n<!-- \nNewPP limit report\nParsed by mw1369\nCached time: 20230204150623\nCache expiry: 1814400\nReduced expiry: false\nComplications: [vary\xe2\x80\x90revision\xe2\x80\x90sha1, show\xe2\x80\x90toc]\nCPU time usage: 2.676 seconds\nReal time usage: 3.409 seconds\nPreprocessor visited node count: 15738/1000000\nPost\xe2\x80\x90expand include size: 554012/2097152 bytes\nTemplate argument size: 16999/2097152 bytes\nHighest expansion depth: 21/100\nExpensive parser function count: 81/500\nUnstrip recursion depth: 1/20\nUnstrip post\xe2\x80\x90expand size: 737999/5000000 bytes\nLua time usage: 1.616/10.000 seconds\nLua memory usage: 15865735/52428800 bytes\nLua Profile:\n MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 220 ms 12.9%\n ? 220 ms 12.9%\n dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 160 ms 9.4%\n MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument 140 ms 8.2%\n MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity 140 ms 8.2%\n recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:41> 140 ms 8.2%\n MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match 100 ms 5.9%\n type 100 ms 5.9%\n <mw.lua:694> 60 ms 3.5%\n MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode 40 ms 2.4%\n [others] 380 ms 22.4%\nNumber of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400\n-->\n<!--\nTransclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template)\n100.00% 2834.823 1 -total\n 41.87% 1186.941 1 Template:Reflist\n 30.90% 876.021 199 Template:Cite_web\n 19.24% 545.523 2 Template:Infobox\n 17.74% 502.807 57 Template:Code\n 16.90% 479.168 1 Template:Infobox_programming_language\n 12.49% 353.996 1 Template:Infobox_software/simple\n 11.43% 323.958 4 Template:Wikidata\n 5.42% 153.698 10 Template:Navbox\n 2.70% 76.459 3 Template:Start_date_and_age\n-->\n\n<!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:23862-0!canonical and timestamp 20230204150619 and revision id 1136880732. Rendering was triggered because: page-view\n -->\n</div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" /></noscript>\n<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;oldid=1136880732">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;oldid=1136880732</a>"</div></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Python_(programming_language)" title="Category:Python (programming language)">Python (programming language)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Class-based_programming_languages" title="Category:Class-based programming languages">Class-based programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Notebook_interface" title="Category:Notebook interface">Notebook interface</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Computer science in the Netherlands">Computer science in the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Concurrent_programming_languages" title="Category:Concurrent programming languages">Concurrent programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cross-platform_free_software" title="Category:Cross-platform free software">Cross-platform free software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cross-platform_software" title="Category:Cross-platform software">Cross-platform software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dutch_inventions" title="Category:Dutch inventions">Dutch inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dynamically_typed_programming_languages" title="Category:Dynamically typed programming languages">Dynamically typed programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Educational_programming_languages" title="Category:Educational programming languages">Educational programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:High-level_programming_languages" title="Category:High-level programming languages">High-level programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Information_technology_in_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Information technology in the Netherlands">Information technology in the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multi-paradigm_programming_languages" title="Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages">Multi-paradigm programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Object-oriented_programming_languages" title="Category:Object-oriented programming languages">Object-oriented programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pattern_matching_programming_languages" title="Category:Pattern matching programming languages">Pattern matching programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Programming languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages_created_in_1991" title="Category:Programming languages created in 1991">Programming languages created in 1991</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripting_languages" title="Category:Scripting languages">Scripting languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Text-oriented_programming_languages" title="Category:Text-oriented programming languages">Text-oriented programming languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages">Wikipedia semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2021">Use dmy dates from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_November_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_December_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNF_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNF identifiers">Articles with BNF identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with GND identifiers">Articles with GND identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with J9U identifiers">Articles with J9U identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with LCCN identifiers">Articles with LCCN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NKC identifiers">Articles with NKC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_FAST_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with FAST identifiers">Articles with FAST identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_SUDOC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with SUDOC identifiers">Articles with SUDOC identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_example_Python_(programming_language)_code" title="Category:Articles with example Python (programming language) code">Articles with example Python (programming language) code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li></ul></div></div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t</main>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<div class="mw-footer-container">\n\t\t\t\n<footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" role="contentinfo" >\n\t<ul id="footer-info">\n\t<li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 February 2023, at 17:08<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li>\n\t<li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0</a><a rel="license" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>;\nadditional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia\xc2\xae is a registered trademark of the <a href="//www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li>\n</ul>\n\n\t<ul id="footer-places">\n\t<li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(programming_language)&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li>\n</ul>\n\n\t<ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint">\n\t<li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/footer/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy" /></a></li>\n\t<li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="/static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/footer/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"/></a></li>\n</ul>\n\n</footer>\n\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div> \n</div> \n\n<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.676","walltime":"3.409","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15738,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":554012,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16999,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":81,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":737999,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2834.823 1 -total"," 41.87% 1186.941 1 Template:Reflist"," 30.90% 876.021 199 Template:Cite_web"," 19.24% 545.523 2 Template:Infobox"," 17.74% 502.807 57 Template:Code"," 16.90% 479.168 1 Template:Infobox_programming_language"," 12.49% 353.996 1 Template:Infobox_software/simple"," 11.43% 323.958 4 Template:Wikidata"," 5.42% 153.698 10 Template:Navbox"," 2.70% 76.459 3 Template:Start_date_and_age"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.616","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15865735,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\\\Extension\\\\Scribunto\\\\Engines\\\\LuaSandbox\\\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.9"],["?","220","12.9"],["dataWrapper \\u003Cmw.lua:672\\u003E","160","9.4"],["MediaWiki\\\\Extension\\\\Scribunto\\\\Engines\\\\LuaSandbox\\\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\\\Extension\\\\Scribunto\\\\Engines\\\\LuaSandbox\\\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","140","8.2"],["recursiveClone \\u003CmwInit.lua:41\\u003E","140","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\\\Extension\\\\Scribunto\\\\Engines\\\\LuaSandbox\\\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","5.9"],["type","100","5.9"],["\\u003Cmw.lua:694\\u003E","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\\\Extension\\\\Scribunto\\\\Engines\\\\LuaSandbox\\\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.4"],["[others]","380","22.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw1369","timestamp":"20230204150623","ttl":1814400,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script>\n<script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\\/\\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Python (programming language)","url":"https:\\/\\/en.wikipedia.org\\/wiki\\/Python_(programming_language)","sameAs":"http:\\/\\/www.wikidata.org\\/entity\\/Q28865","mainEntity":"http:\\/\\/www.wikidata.org\\/entity\\/Q28865","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\\/\\/www.wikimedia.org\\/static\\/images\\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-29T18:24:39Z","dateModified":"2023-02-01T17:08:07Z","image":"https:\\/\\/upload.wikimedia.org\\/wikipedia\\/commons\\/c\\/c3\\/Python-logo-notext.svg","headline":"general-purpose programming language"}</script><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\\/\\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Python (programming language)","url":"https:\\/\\/en.wikipedia.org\\/wiki\\/Python_(programming_language)","sameAs":"http:\\/\\/www.wikidata.org\\/entity\\/Q28865","mainEntity":"http:\\/\\/www.wikidata.org\\/entity\\/Q28865","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\\/\\/www.wikimedia.org\\/static\\/images\\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-29T18:24:39Z","dateModified":"2023-02-01T17:08:07Z","image":"https:\\/\\/upload.wikimedia.org\\/wikipedia\\/commons\\/c\\/c3\\/Python-logo-notext.svg","headline":"general-purpose programming language"}</script>\n<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":117,"wgHostname":"mw1401"});});</script>\n</body>\n</html>' ``` --- ## .white.bg-blue[Exemplo prático: extração de uma tabela da Wikipédia] .white.bg-blue[Passo 3:] localizar a tabela de interesse. Com todo o conteúdo da página importado para o Python, é necessário identificar qual parte/elemento se refere a tabela. Podemos ver todos os elementos que são tabelas com: ```python conteudo = BeautifulSoup(pagina.content, "html") # extrai e prepara o conteúdo tabelas = conteudo.find_all("table") # procura por tabelas no conteúdo len(tabelas) # conta elementos (tabelas) ``` ``` # 13 ``` Essa página possui várias tabelas..., mas é possível notar que cada uma possui um atributo `class` diferente. Sendo assim, precisamos ver qual valor a tabela de interesse possui para esse atributo: ```python tabelas # imprime a list de tabelas ``` ``` # [<table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Python</caption><tbody><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2"><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Python-logo-notext.svg"><img alt="Python-logo-notext.svg" data-file-height="126" data-file-width="115" decoding="async" height="133" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/121px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/182px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/242px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 2x" width="121"/></a></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><div style="text-align:center;"></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Multi-paradigm_programming_language" title="Multi-paradigm programming language">Multi-paradigm</a>: <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Procedural_programming" title="Procedural programming">procedural</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperative</a>), <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Software_developer" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">20 February 1991<span class="noprint">; 31 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-02-20</span>)</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-alt-sources-history_2-0"><a href="#cite_note-alt-sources-history-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066479718" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.11.1<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wikidata-b347cb49e07d779bb62fc860419c7ef75e6e44d9-v3_3-0"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-b347cb49e07d779bb62fc860419c7ef75e6e44d9-v3-3">[3]</a></sup> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" decoding="async" height="10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" style="vertical-align: text-top" width="10"/></a> # / 6 December 2022<span class="noprint">; 60 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">6 December 2022</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.12.0a4<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wikidata-0533fea2377f945f7fa8ba9efb1f6f46836476a2-v3_4-0"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-0533fea2377f945f7fa8ba9efb1f6f46836476a2-v3-4">[4]</a></sup> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" decoding="async" height="10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" style="vertical-align: text-top" width="10"/></a> # / 10 January 2023<span class="noprint">; 25 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">10 January 2023</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> # </td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Duck_typing" title="Duck typing">Duck</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strong_and_weak_typing" title="Strong and weak typing">strong typing</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gradual_typing" title="Gradual typing">gradual</a> (since 3.5, but ignored in <a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Windows" title="Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux/UNIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> and more<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">.py, .pyi, .pyc, .pyd, .pyw, .pyz (since 3.5),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> .pyo (prior to 3.5)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.python.org/" rel="nofollow">python.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: #eee;">Major <a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">implementations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language#Dialects,_flavors_and_implementations" title="Programming language">Dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a>, <a href="/wiki/PyPy#RPython" title="PyPy">RPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">Starlark</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ABC_(programming_language)" title="ABC (programming language)">ABC</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-faq-created_13-0"><a href="#cite_note-faq-created-13">[13]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98-interview_15-0"><a href="#cite_note-98-interview-15">[15]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-python.org_16-0"><a href="#cite_note-python.org-16">[16]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-1_17-0"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-1-17">[17]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-classmix_18-0"><a href="#cite_note-classmix-18">[18]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CLU_(programming_language)" title="CLU (programming language)">CLU</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-effbot-call-by-object_19-0"><a href="#cite_note-effbot-call-by-object-19">[19]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dylan_(programming_language)" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-2_20-0"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-2-20">[20]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Haskell_(programming_language)" title="Haskell (programming language)">Haskell</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-3_21-0"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-3-21">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-python.org_16-1"><a href="#cite_note-python.org-16">[16]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Icon_(programming_language)" title="Icon (programming language)">Icon</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-4_22-0"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-4-22">[22]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AutoNT-6_23-0"><a href="#cite_note-AutoNT-6-23">[23]</a></sup> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modula-3" title="Modula-3">Modula-3</a></span>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98-interview_15-1"><a href="#cite_note-98-interview-15">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-classmix_18-1"><a href="#cite_note-classmix-18">[18]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Standard_ML" title="Standard ML">Standard ML</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-python.org_16-2"><a href="#cite_note-python.org-16">[16]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-header" colspan="2" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced</th></tr><tr><td class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Apache_Groovy" title="Apache Groovy">Apache Groovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoffeeScript" title="CoffeeScript">CoffeeScript</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/D_(programming_language)" title="D (programming language)">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genie_(programming_language)" title="Genie (programming language)">Genie</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Julia_29-0"><a href="#cite_note-Julia-29">[29]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nim_(programming_language)" title="Nim (programming language)">Nim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_(programming_language)" title="Ring (programming language)">Ring</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages_30-0"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ring_programming_language_and_other_languages-30">[30]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bini_31-0"><a href="#cite_note-bini-31">[31]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lattner2014_32-0"><a href="#cite_note-lattner2014-32">[32]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td class="infobox-below hlist" colspan="2" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 3px;"> # <ul><li><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="400" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" width="16"/></a> <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Python_Programming" title="wikibooks:Python Programming">Python Programming</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> # </td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="wikitable"> # <caption>Summary of Python 3's built-in types # </caption> # <tbody><tr> # <th>Type # </th> # <th><a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Mutability</a> # </th> # <th>Description # </th> # <th>Syntax examples # </th></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>bool</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Boolean_value" title="Boolean value">Boolean value</a> # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="kc">True</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="kc">False</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>bytearray</code> # </td> # <td>mutable # </td> # <td>Sequence of <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Some ASCII'</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"Some ASCII"</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">119</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">107</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">])</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>bytes</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>Sequence of bytes # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Some ASCII'</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"Some ASCII"</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">bytes</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">119</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">107</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">])</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>complex</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td><a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">Complex number</a> with real and imaginary parts # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">2.7</span><span class="n">j</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">2.7</span><span class="n">j</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>dict</code> # </td> # <td>mutable # </td> # <td><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a> (or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values), keys must be a hashable type # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'key1'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">}</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">{}</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>types.EllipsisType</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>An <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(programming_operator)" title="Ellipsis (programming operator)">ellipsis</a> placeholder to be used as an index in <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> arrays # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="o">...</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="bp">Ellipsis</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>float</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td><a href="/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" title="Double-precision floating-point format">Double-precision</a> <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point number</a>. The precision is machine-dependent but in practice is generally implemented as a 64-bit <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a> number with 53 bits of precision.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> # </td> # <td> # <p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="mf">1.33333</span></code> # </p> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>frozenset</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>Unordered <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable # </td> # <td><span class="nowrap"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">frozenset</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">])</span></code></span> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>int</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td><a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">Integer</a> of unlimited magnitude<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pep0237_105-0"><a href="#cite_note-pep0237-105">[105]</a></sup> # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="mi">42</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>list</code> # </td> # <td>mutable # </td> # <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" title="List (computer science)">List</a>, can contain mixed types # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">]</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">[]</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>types.NoneType</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>An object representing the absence of a value, often called <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null</a> in other languages # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="kc">None</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>types.NotImplementedType</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>A placeholder that can be returned from <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">overloaded operators</a> to indicate unsupported operand types. # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="bp">NotImplemented</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>range</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>An <i>immutable sequence</i> of numbers commonly used for looping a specific number of times in <code>for</code> loops<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>set</code> # </td> # <td>mutable # </td> # <td>Unordered <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">{</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">}</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>str</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>A <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">character string</a>: sequence of Unicode codepoints # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="s1">'Wikipedia'</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="s2">"Wikipedia"</span></code><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">"""Spanning</span> # <span class="sd">multiple</span> # <span class="sd">lines"""</span> # </pre></div><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Spanning</span> # <span class="n">multiple</span> # <span class="n">lines</span> # </pre></div> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>tuple</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>Can contain mixed types # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'single element'</span><span class="p">,)</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">()</span></code> # </td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" scope="col" style="background: #3467AC; color: #FCFCFC;"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Python_(programming_language)" title="Template:Python (programming language)"><abbr style=";background: #3467AC; color: #FCFCFC;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Python_(programming_language)" title="Template talk:Python (programming language)"><abbr style=";background: #3467AC; color: #FCFCFC;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Python_(programming_language)&amp;action=edit"><abbr style=";background: #3467AC; color: #FCFCFC;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Python" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#FCFCFC">Python</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CircuitPython" title="CircuitPython">CircuitPython</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/CLPython" title="CLPython">CLPython</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/CPython" title="CPython">CPython</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Cython" title="Cython">Cython</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Numba" title="Numba">Numba</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Psyco" title="Psyco">Psyco</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/PyPy" title="PyPy">PyPy</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Python_for_S60" title="Python for S60">Python for S60</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_Skin" title="Shed Skin">Shed Skin</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Stackless_Python" title="Stackless Python">Stackless Python</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Unladen_Swallow" title="Unladen Swallow">Unladen Swallow</a></li> # <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software#Python_implementations" title="List of Python software">more</a>...</i></li></ul> # </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Python-logo-notext.svg"><img alt="Python-logo-notext.svg" data-file-height="126" data-file-width="115" decoding="async" height="60" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/55px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/83px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Python-logo-notext.svg/110px-Python-logo-notext.svg.png 2x" width="55"/></a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">IDE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_integrated_development_environments#Python" title="Comparison of integrated development environments">Boa</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Eric_Python_IDE" title="Eric Python IDE">Eric Python IDE</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/IDLE_(Python)" title="IDLE (Python)">IDLE</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/PyCharm" title="PyCharm">PyCharm</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/PyDev" title="PyDev">PyDev</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja-IDE" title="Ninja-IDE">Ninja-IDE</a></li> # <li><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/List_of_integrated_development_environments_for_Python#Python" title="List of integrated development environments for Python">more</a>...</i></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%;background: #FFCC55;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Web Server Gateway Interface">WSGI</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface" title="Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface">ASGI</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background: #FFCC55;"><div> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Python_software" title="List of Python software">software (list)</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation" title="Python Software Foundation">Python Software Foundation</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Conference" title="Python Conference">PyCon</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Programming_languages" title="Template:Programming languages"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Programming_languages" title="Template talk:Programming languages"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Programming_languages&amp;action=edit"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Programming_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Comparison_*_Timeline_*_History"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_programming_languages" title="History of programming languages">History</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/APL_(programming_language)" title="APL (programming language)">APL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Classic_Visual_Basic" title="Classic Visual Basic">Classic Visual Basic</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Erlang_(programming_language)" title="Erlang (programming language)">Erlang</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Haskell" title="Haskell">Haskell</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Lua_(programming_language)" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/ML_(programming_language)" title="ML (programming language)">ML</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_(programming_language)" title="Scratch (programming language)">Scratch</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">Visual Basic</a></li> # <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">more...</a></i></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> # <ul><li><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="185" data-file-width="180" decoding="async" height="16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" title="List-Class article" width="16"/> <b>Lists:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Alphabetical</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages_by_type" title="List of programming languages by type">Categorical</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based</a></li> # <li><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="185" data-file-width="180" decoding="async" height="16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" title="Category" width="16"/> <a href="/wiki/Category:Programming_languages" title="Category:Programming languages">Category</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Python_web_frameworks" title="Template:Python web frameworks"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Python_web_frameworks" title="Template talk:Python web frameworks"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Python_web_frameworks&amp;action=edit"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Python_web_frameworks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_framework" title="Web framework">web frameworks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li>Bottle</li> # <li><a href="/wiki/CherryPy" title="CherryPy">CherryPy</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/CubicWeb" title="CubicWeb">CubicWeb</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Django_(web_framework)" title="Django (web framework)">Django</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/FastAPI" title="FastAPI">FastAPI</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Flask_(web_framework)" title="Flask (web framework)">Flask</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Grok_(web_framework)" title="Grok (web framework)">Grok</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Nagare_(web_framework)" title="Nagare (web framework)">Nagare</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Nevow" title="Nevow">Nevow</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pylons_Framework" title="Pylons project">Pylons</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Pylons_project#Pyramid" title="Pylons project">Pyramid</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Quixote_(web_framework)" title="Quixote (web framework)">Quixote</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/TACTIC_(web_framework)" title="TACTIC (web framework)">TACTIC</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado_(web_server)" title="Tornado (web server)">Tornado</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/TurboGears" title="TurboGears">TurboGears</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Twisted_(software)" title="Twisted (software)">TwistedWeb</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Web2py" title="Web2py">web2py</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Zope#Zope_2" title="Zope">Zope 2</a></li> # <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Python_(programming_language)_web_frameworks" title="Category:Python (programming language) web frameworks">more</a></i>...</li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Differentiable_computing" title="Template talk:Differentiable computing"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Differentiable_computing&amp;action=edit"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Differentiable_computing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Differentiable computing</div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_function" title="Differentiable function">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_programming" title="Differentiable programming">Differentiable programming</a></b></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Information_geometry" title="Information geometry">Information geometry</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_manifold" title="Statistical manifold">Statistical manifold</a><br/></li></ul> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_differentiation" title="Automatic differentiation">Automatic differentiation</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_theory" title="Cable theory">Cable theory</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition" title="Pattern recognition">Pattern recognition</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_calculus" title="Tensor calculus">Tensor calculus</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_learning_theory" title="Computational learning theory">Computational learning theory</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_bias" title="Inductive bias">Inductive bias</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gradient_descent" title="Gradient descent">Gradient descent</a> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_gradient_descent" title="Stochastic gradient descent">SGD</a></li></ul></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Clustering</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression</a> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overfitting" title="Overfitting">Overfitting</a></li></ul></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_machine_learning" title="Adversarial machine learning">Adversary</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(machine_learning)" title="Attention (machine learning)">Attention</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Convolution" title="Convolution">Convolution</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_functions_for_classification" title="Loss functions for classification">Loss functions</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Backpropagation" title="Backpropagation">Backpropagation</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Batch_normalization" title="Batch normalization">Normalization</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Activation_function" title="Activation function">Activation</a> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softmax_function" title="Softmax function">Softmax</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_function" title="Sigmoid function">Sigmoid</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks)" title="Rectifier (neural networks)">Rectifier</a></li></ul></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)" title="Regularization (mathematics)">Regularization</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Training,_validation,_and_test_sets" title="Training, validation, and test sets">Datasets</a> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_augmentation" title="Data augmentation">Augmentation</a></li></ul></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_process" title="Diffusion process">Diffusion</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Autoregressive_model" title="Autoregressive model">Autoregression</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Application</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning" title="Deep learning">Deep learning</a></li></ul></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_science" title="Computational science">Scientific computing</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphcore" title="Graphcore">IPU</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">TPU</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_processing_unit" title="Vision processing unit">VPU</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SpiNNaker" title="SpiNNaker">SpiNNaker</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Software library</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/PyTorch" title="PyTorch">PyTorch</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Keras" title="Keras">Keras</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Theano_(software)" title="Theano (software)">Theano</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Google_JAX" title="Google JAX">JAX</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Implementation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Audio–visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">HWR</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Verbal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">Transformer</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">NMT</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a></li> # <li><i><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a> (unreleased)</i></li> # <li><a class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-J&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="GPT-J (page does not exist)">GPT-J</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Graves_(computer_scientist)" title="Alex Graves (computer scientist)">Alex Graves</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow" title="Ian Goodfellow">Ian Goodfellow</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Fei-Fei_Li" title="Fei-Fei Li">Fei-Fei Li</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ng" title="Andrew Ng">Andrew Ng</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/David_Silver_(computer_scientist)" title="David Silver (computer scientist)">David Silver</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeepMind" title="DeepMind">DeepMind</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_Computer_Science_and_Artificial_Intelligence_Laboratory" title="MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory">MIT CSAIL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_(research_institute)" title="Mila (research institute)">Mila</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Google Brain</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_AI" title="Meta AI">Meta AI</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Architectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Turing_machine" title="Neural Turing machine">Neural Turing machine</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Differentiable_neural_computer" title="Differentiable neural computer">Differentiable neural computer</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">Transformer</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network" title="Recurrent neural network">Recurrent neural network (RNN)</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Long_short-term_memory" title="Long short-term memory">Long short-term memory (LSTM)</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Gated_recurrent_unit" title="Gated recurrent unit">Gated recurrent unit (GRU)</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_state_network" title="Echo state network">Echo state network</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron" title="Multilayer perceptron">Multilayer perceptron (MLP)</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network" title="Convolutional neural network">Convolutional neural network</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Residual_network" title="Residual network">Residual network</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Autoencoder" title="Autoencoder">Autoencoder</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Variational_autoencoder" title="Variational autoencoder">Variational autoencoder (VAE)</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_adversarial_network" title="Generative adversarial network">Generative adversarial network (GAN)</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_neural_network" title="Graph neural network">Graph neural network</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> # <ul><li><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" title="Portal"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="185" data-file-width="180" decoding="async" height="16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" width="16"/></a> Portals # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology</a></li></ul></li> # <li><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="185" data-file-width="180" decoding="async" height="16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" title="Category" width="16"/> Category # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Artificial_neural_networks" title="Category:Artificial neural networks">Artificial neural networks</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Machine_learning" title="Category:Machine learning">Machine learning</a></li></ul></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Audio–visual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlexNet" title="AlexNet">AlexNet</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Human_image_synthesis" title="Human image synthesis">Human image synthesis</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_recognition" title="Handwriting recognition">HWR</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">OCR</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_learning_speech_synthesis" title="Deep learning speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/15.ai" title="15.ai">15.ai</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">Facial recognition</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/DALL-E" title="DALL-E">DALL-E</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Midjourney" title="Midjourney">Midjourney</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_Diffusion" title="Stable Diffusion">Stable Diffusion</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Verbal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(machine_learning_model)" title="Transformer (machine learning model)">Transformer</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">NMT</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Debater" title="Project Debater">Project Debater</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Watson" title="IBM Watson">IBM Watson</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a></li> # <li><i><a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a> (unreleased)</i></li> # <li><a class="new" href="/w/index.php?title=GPT-J&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" title="GPT-J (page does not exist)">GPT-J</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Decisional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Q-learning" title="Q-learning">Q-learning</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/State%E2%80%93action%E2%80%93reward%E2%80%93state%E2%80%93action" title="State–action–reward–state–action">SARSA</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAI_Five" title="OpenAI Five">OpenAI Five</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Self-driving_car" title="Self-driving car">Self-driving car</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Action_selection" title="Action selection">Action selection</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_control" title="Robot control">Robot control</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:FOSS&amp;action=edit"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br/>packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office Suites</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_programming_language_licensing" title="Comparison of open-source programming language licensing">Programming languages</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> # </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" style="width:1%">Types and<br/> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Viral_license" title="Viral license">Viral license</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_restriction" title="Hardware restriction">Hardware restrictions</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Related <br/>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> # <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> # <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> # <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold"><div> # <ul><li><a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" title="Portal"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="185" data-file-width="180" decoding="async" height="16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" width="16"/></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_and_open-source_software" title="Portal:Free and open-source software">Portal</a></li> # <li><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="185" data-file-width="180" decoding="async" height="16" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" title="Category" width="16"/> <a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software" title="Category:Free software">Category</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" style="width:1%">Types and<br/> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Viral_license" title="Viral license">Viral license</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Statistical_software" title="Template:Statistical software"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Statistical_software" title="Template talk:Statistical software"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Statistical_software&amp;action=edit"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Statistical_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_software" title="List of statistical software">Statistical software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public-domain_software" title="Public-domain software">Public domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataplot" title="Dataplot">Dataplot</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Epi_Info" title="Epi Info">Epi Info</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/CSPro" title="CSPro">CSPro</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/X-12-ARIMA" title="X-12-ARIMA">X-12-ARIMA</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">ADMB</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/DAP_(software)" title="DAP (software)">DAP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/JASP" title="JASP">JASP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Just_another_Gibbs_sampler" title="Just another Gibbs sampler">JAGS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/JMulTi" title="JMulTi">JMulTi</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (<i>Ju</i>lia, <i>Py</i>thon, <i>R</i>)</li> # <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/OpenBUGS" title="OpenBUGS">OpenBUGS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(software)" title="Orange (software)">Orange</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/PSPP" title="PSPP">PSPP</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a> (<a href="/wiki/Statsmodels" title="Statsmodels">statsmodels</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PyMC3" title="PyMC3">PyMC3</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>, <a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a>)</li> # <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a> (<a href="/wiki/RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a>)</li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SimFiT" title="SimFiT">SimFiT</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SOFA_Statistics" title="SOFA Statistics">SOFA Statistics</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_(software)" title="Stan (software)">Stan</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/XLispStat" title="XLispStat">XLispStat</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BV4.1_(software)" title="BV4.1 (software)">BV4.1</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/CumFreq" title="CumFreq">CumFreq</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SegReg" title="SegReg">SegReg</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/XploRe" title="XploRe">XploRe</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/WinBUGS" title="WinBUGS">WinBUGS</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_software" title="Commercial software">Commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Desk" title="Data Desk">Data Desk</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/GraphPad_InStat" title="GraphPad InStat">GraphPad InStat</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/GraphPad_Prism" title="GraphPad Prism">GraphPad Prism</a></li> # <li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> Statistics</li> # <li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">JMP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">OxMetrics</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/RATS_(software)" title="RATS (software)">RATS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">SmartPLS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">SUDAAN</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/TSP_(econometrics_software)" title="TSP (econometrics software)">TSP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a> (WPS)</li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMDP" title="BMDP">BMDP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/EViews" title="EViews">EViews</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Genstat" title="Genstat">GenStat</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">LIMDEP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MedCalc" title="MedCalc">MedCalc</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Microfit" title="Microfit">Microfit</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MLwiN" title="MLwiN">MLwiN</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/NCSS_(statistical_software)" title="NCSS (statistical software)">NCSS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SHAZAM_(software)" title="SHAZAM (software)">SHAZAM</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">SigmaStat</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">StatsDirect</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/StatXact" title="StatXact">StatXact</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SYSTAT_(software)" title="SYSTAT (software)">SYSTAT</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">The Unscrambler</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Unistat" title="Unistat">UNISTAT</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">Analyse-it</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Unistat" title="Unistat">UNISTAT</a> for Excel</li> # <li><a href="/wiki/XLfit" title="XLfit">XLfit</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> # <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Statistical_software" title="Category:Statistical software">Category</a></b></li> # <li><b><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages" title="Comparison of statistical packages">Comparison</a></b></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Desk" title="Data Desk">Data Desk</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/GraphPad_InStat" title="GraphPad InStat">GraphPad InStat</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/GraphPad_Prism" title="GraphPad Prism">GraphPad Prism</a></li> # <li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS" title="SPSS">SPSS</a> Statistics</li> # <li>IBM <a href="/wiki/SPSS_Modeler" title="SPSS Modeler">SPSS Modeler</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/JMP_(statistical_software)" title="JMP (statistical software)">JMP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/OxMetrics" title="OxMetrics">OxMetrics</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/RATS_(software)" title="RATS (software)">RATS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_Analytics" title="Revolution Analytics">Revolution Analytics</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SAS_(software)" title="SAS (software)">SAS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SmartPLS" title="SmartPLS">SmartPLS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Stata" title="Stata">Stata</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/StatView" title="StatView">StatView</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SUDAAN" title="SUDAAN">SUDAAN</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/S-PLUS" title="S-PLUS">S-PLUS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/TSP_(econometrics_software)" title="TSP (econometrics software)">TSP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/World_Programming_System" title="World Programming System">World Programming System</a> (WPS)</li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMDP" title="BMDP">BMDP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/EViews" title="EViews">EViews</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Genstat" title="Genstat">GenStat</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/LIMDEP" title="LIMDEP">LIMDEP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MedCalc" title="MedCalc">MedCalc</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Microfit" title="Microfit">Microfit</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Minitab" title="Minitab">Minitab</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MLwiN" title="MLwiN">MLwiN</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/NCSS_(statistical_software)" title="NCSS (statistical software)">NCSS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SHAZAM_(software)" title="SHAZAM (software)">SHAZAM</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SigmaStat" title="SigmaStat">SigmaStat</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Statistica" title="Statistica">Statistica</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/StatsDirect" title="StatsDirect">StatsDirect</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/StatXact" title="StatXact">StatXact</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SYSTAT_(software)" title="SYSTAT (software)">SYSTAT</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unscrambler" title="The Unscrambler">The Unscrambler</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Unistat" title="Unistat">UNISTAT</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> add-ons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analyse-it" title="Analyse-it">Analyse-it</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Unistat" title="Unistat">UNISTAT</a> for Excel</li> # <li><a href="/wiki/XLfit" title="XLfit">XLfit</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/RExcel" title="RExcel">RExcel</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><link href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349" rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Template:Numerical analysis software"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Numerical_analysis_software" title="Template talk:Numerical analysis software"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Numerical_analysis_software&amp;action=edit"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Numerical-analysis_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="List of numerical-analysis software">Numerical-analysis software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Simulation_Library" title="Advanced Simulation Library">Advanced Simulation Library</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/ADMB" title="ADMB">ADMB</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_(programming_language)" title="Chapel (programming language)">Chapel</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Euler_(software)" title="Euler (software)">Euler</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/FreeFem%2B%2B" title="FreeFem++">FreeFem++</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/FreeMat" title="FreeMat">FreeMat</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(mathematics_software)" title="Genius (mathematics software)">Genius</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Gmsh" title="Gmsh">Gmsh</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Gretl" title="Gretl">gretl</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(programming_language)" title="Julia (programming language)">Julia</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Jupyter" title="Project Jupyter">Jupyter</a> (<i>Ju</i>lia, <i>Pyt</i>hon, <i>R</i>; <a href="/wiki/IPython" title="IPython">IPython</a>)</li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MFEM" title="MFEM">MFEM</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/OpenFOAM" title="OpenFOAM">OpenFOAM</a></li> # <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Python</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/SageMath" title="SageMath">SageMath</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/ScicosLab" title="ScicosLab">ScicosLab</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Scilab" title="Scilab">Scilab</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(programming_language)" title="X10 (programming language)">X10</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Weka_(machine_learning)" title="Weka (machine learning)">Weka</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Proprietary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DADiSP" title="DADiSP">DADiSP</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/FEATool_Multiphysics" title="FEATool Multiphysics">FEATool Multiphysics</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/GAUSS_(software)" title="GAUSS (software)">GAUSS</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/LabVIEW" title="LabVIEW">LabVIEW</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_(software)" title="Maple (software)">Maple</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Mathcad" title="Mathcad">Mathcad</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Mathematica" title="Wolfram Mathematica">Mathematica</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/Speakeasy_(computational_environment)" title="Speakeasy (computational environment)">Speakeasy</a></li> # <li><a href="/wiki/VisSim" title="VisSim">VisSim</a></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> # <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_numerical-analysis_software" title="Comparison of numerical-analysis software">Comparison</a></b></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>, <table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" class="noprint" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" decoding="async" height="10" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" style="vertical-align: text-top" width="10"/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">National libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13560465c" rel="nofollow">France</a> <a class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13560465c" rel="nofollow">(data)</a></span></li> # <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4434275-5" rel="nofollow">Germany</a></span></li> # <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007563637105171" rel="nofollow">Israel</a></span></li> # <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh96008834" rel="nofollow">United States</a></span></li> # <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph170668&amp;CON_LNG=ENG" rel="nofollow">Czech Republic</a></span></li></ul> # </div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> # <ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1084736/" rel="nofollow">FAST</a></span></li> # <li><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/SUDOC_(identifier)" title="SUDOC (identifier)">SUDOC (France)</a> # <ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/051626225" rel="nofollow">1</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> # </div></td></tr></tbody></table>] ``` --- ## .white.bg-blue[Exemplo prático: extração de uma tabela da Wikipédia] .white.bg-blue[Passo 4:] localizar atributo `class` do elemento tabela. Para isso, recomendamos o uso do navegador Google Chrome, seguindo os passos do GIF abaixo. <img src="imgs/inspecionar.gif" width="70%" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /> --- ## .white.bg-blue[Exemplo prático: extração de uma tabela da Wikipédia] .white.bg-blue[Passo 5:] extrair o elemento tabela com base no atributo `class`. Para isso, podemos filtrar os resultados usando o argumento `class_` com valor do atributo identificado na etapa anterior. ```python tabela = conteudo.find_all("table", class_ = "wikitable") tabela ``` ``` # [<table class="wikitable"> # <caption>Summary of Python 3's built-in types # </caption> # <tbody><tr> # <th>Type # </th> # <th><a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">Mutability</a> # </th> # <th>Description # </th> # <th>Syntax examples # </th></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>bool</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Boolean_value" title="Boolean value">Boolean value</a> # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="kc">True</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="kc">False</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>bytearray</code> # </td> # <td>mutable # </td> # <td>Sequence of <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Some ASCII'</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"Some ASCII"</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">bytearray</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">119</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">107</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">])</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>bytes</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>Sequence of bytes # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s1">'Some ASCII'</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="sa">b</span><span class="s2">"Some ASCII"</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">bytes</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">119</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">107</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">105</span><span class="p">])</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>complex</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td><a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">Complex number</a> with real and imaginary parts # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="mi">3</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mf">2.7</span><span class="n">j</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="mi">3</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mf">2.7</span><span class="n">j</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>dict</code> # </td> # <td>mutable # </td> # <td><a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">Associative array</a> (or dictionary) of key and value pairs; can contain mixed types (keys and values), keys must be a hashable type # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'key1'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">}</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">{}</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>types.EllipsisType</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>An <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(programming_operator)" title="Ellipsis (programming operator)">ellipsis</a> placeholder to be used as an index in <a href="/wiki/NumPy" title="NumPy">NumPy</a> arrays # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="o">...</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="bp">Ellipsis</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>float</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td><a href="/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format" title="Double-precision floating-point format">Double-precision</a> <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point number</a>. The precision is machine-dependent but in practice is generally implemented as a 64-bit <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a> number with 53 bits of precision.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></sup> # </td> # <td> # <p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="mf">1.33333</span></code> # </p> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>frozenset</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>Unordered <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable # </td> # <td><span class="nowrap"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">frozenset</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">])</span></code></span> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>int</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td><a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">Integer</a> of unlimited magnitude<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pep0237_105-0"><a href="#cite_note-pep0237-105">[105]</a></sup> # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="mi">42</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>list</code> # </td> # <td>mutable # </td> # <td><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/List_(computer_science)" title="List (computer science)">List</a>, can contain mixed types # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">[</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">]</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">[]</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>types.NoneType</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>An object representing the absence of a value, often called <a href="/wiki/Null_pointer" title="Null pointer">null</a> in other languages # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="kc">None</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>types.NotImplementedType</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>A placeholder that can be returned from <a href="/wiki/Operator_overloading" title="Operator overloading">overloaded operators</a> to indicate unsupported operand types. # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="bp">NotImplemented</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>range</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>An <i>immutable sequence</i> of numbers commonly used for looping a specific number of times in <code>for</code> loops<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106"><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></sup> # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>set</code> # </td> # <td>mutable # </td> # <td>Unordered <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Set_(computer_science)" title="Set (computer science)">set</a>, contains no duplicates; can contain mixed types, if hashable # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">{</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">}</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="nb">set</span><span class="p">()</span></code> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>str</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>A <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">character string</a>: sequence of Unicode codepoints # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="s1">'Wikipedia'</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="s2">"Wikipedia"</span></code><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="sd">"""Spanning</span> # <span class="sd">multiple</span> # <span class="sd">lines"""</span> # </pre></div><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">Spanning</span> # <span class="n">multiple</span> # <span class="n">lines</span> # </pre></div> # </td></tr> # <tr> # <td><code>tuple</code> # </td> # <td>immutable # </td> # <td>Can contain mixed types # </td> # <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">(</span><span class="mf">4.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'string'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'single element'</span><span class="p">,)</span></code><br/><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="" style=""><span class="p">()</span></code> # </td></tr></tbody></table>] ``` --- ## .white.bg-blue[Exemplo prático: extração de uma tabela da Wikipédia] .white.bg-blue[Passo 6:] converter o código HTML para uma tabela (`DataFrame`). Para isso, podemos usar `read_html()` sobre o elemento extraído no passo anterior. ```python import pandas as pd pd.read_html(str(tabela))[0] # transforma para str e lê o resultado ``` ``` # Type ... Syntax examples # 0 bool ... True False # 1 bytearray ... bytearray(b'Some ASCII') bytearray(b"Some ASCI... # 2 bytes ... b'Some ASCII' b"Some ASCII" bytes([119, 105, 1... # 3 complex ... 3+2.7j 3 + 2.7j # 4 dict ... {'key1': 1.0, 3: False} {} # 5 types.EllipsisType ... ... Ellipsis # 6 float ... 1.33333 # 7 frozenset ... frozenset([4.0, 'string', True]) # 8 int ... 42 # 9 list ... [4.0, 'string', True] [] # 10 types.NoneType ... None # 11 types.NotImplementedType ... NotImplemented # 12 range ... range(-1, 10) range(10, -5, -2) # 13 set ... {4.0, 'string', True} set() # 14 str ... 'Wikipedia' "Wikipedia""""Spanning multiple li... # 15 tuple ... (4.0, 'string', True) ('single element',) () # # [16 rows x 4 columns] ```